2. Compound Light Microscope
10x
Compound Microscope 4x
10x
40x
Compound Light Microscope

3. Dissecting Microscope

4. Types of Microscopes Compound Light Microscope Dissecting Microscope
Observe living things
Light under image
Higher magnification
For 3D images
Light no top of image
Low magnification

5. Leukocyte
Erythrocyte
Thrombocyte

6. 1 2 3 Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
Cells are the smallest unit & structure of life 3

7. Not interchangeable Theory and Law
A scientific theory is "a well-substantiated explanation of the natural world, based on facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.“ Can’t before proven.
Not interchangeable

8. Theory and Law
Scientific Law: is a generalized statement set after a number of observations. It is an obvious fact recorded after observations and can be tested and proven.

9. The Cell Theory Complete
NOTES
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden, Schwann & Van Leuwenhoek)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Hooke)
3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)

10. Cells are the smallest unit & structure of life
Discovery of Cells
1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork.
Cells are the smallest unit & structure of life

11. All living things are made of cells.
Anton van Leuwenhoek
1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms
He called them “animalcules”
He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans
Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants
All living things are made of cells.

12. Development of Cell Theory
1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells
1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells.
All living things are made of cells.

13. NO SUCH THING ABIOGENESIS
Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries and the mid 19th century, very little cell advancements were made.
This is due to the traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation.
Examples: -Maggots from rotting meat
NO SUCH THING
ABIOGENESIS
francisco redi experiment

14. CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS
1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells.
CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS

15. Which of these statements best summarizes the cell theory?
A. Cells contain a nucleus and other parts.
B. Cells come in different shapes and sizes.
C. Cells can be seen through a microscope.
D. Cells are the building blocks of living things.

17. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

18. Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.
EX: bacteria
blue green algae

19. Eukaryotic Cells Cells with membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.
EX: animals, plants, fungi and protists

20. 1. Which type(s) of cells have genetic material that is contained in a nucleus?
A. bacteria
B. only animal cells
C. only plants
D. both plant and animal cells

21. 2. Which of the following structures is found in both bacteria and animal cells?
A. Cell Wall
B. Plasma Membrane
C. Nucleus
D. Chloroplast

24. Structures of a Cell Protein Synthesis Transport “Power House”
Regulates what enters and leaves
Fluid containing organelles
Digestion
Control Center
Cell Reproduction
Packaging and Storage

25. CELL MEMBRANE Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells
Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell.
Support and controls what enters and leaves.

26. CELL WALL protects the cell gives shape is made of cellulose
A cell wall is found in plants, algae,
fungi (chitin), & most bacteria.

27. CYTOPLASM
Contains Organelles
gelatin-like inside cell membrane

28. NUCLEUS Directs all cell activities
Contains instructions for everything the cell does
These instructions are found on a hereditary material called DNA
Usually the largest organelle

29. NUCLEOLUS Aka “little nucleus” Found in the nucleus
Produces - ribosomes

30. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE separates nucleus from cytoplasm
controls movement of materials in & out of nucleus

31. Mitochondria “Power House”
Energy in the form of ATP

32. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport of materials # 3

33. Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis

34. Sacks GOLGI BODIES Stacked flattened membranes
Sort and package proteins.
Sacks

35. LYSOSOMES
Break down food molecules, cell wastes & worn out cell parts

36. NAME THE ORGANELLE a. Nucleus c. Golgi body b. Chloroplast
d. Mitochondria

38. Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
* Contain Chlorophyll

39. VACUOLES
Temporary storage spaces
Store food, water, waste

41. Venn Diagrams Animal Cells Plant Cells *Cell Wall *Chloroplasts
Section 7-2
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
*Cell Wall
*Chloroplasts
*Large Vacuole
** Centrioles
Organelles

42. Nucleolus –Ribosomes-Proteins
Review Cell Parts
DNA
Storage & Packaging
ATP
Nucleolus –Ribosomes-Proteins

44. The diagram below represents a cell of a green plant.
Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich compounds in which structure?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
W.A.R

45. Bell Ringer # 1
Which of the following structures is only found in animal cells?
A. Cell Wall
B. Large Vacuole
C. Centrioles
D. Chloroplast

46. Homeostasis
The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, to stabilize functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions.
Ex: Body Temperature, Fluids, Sugar Levels.

47. A lipid bilayer with protein molecules within it..

48. Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Polar
Non-Polar
Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.

49. Selectively Permeable
Cell membrane is selectively permeable only certain things can pass through

50. Transport Mechanisms in cells
A cell is a busy place; similar to a factory
There must be methods for moving substances within as well as in and out of the cell.

52. Protein channels that provide passage for certain molecules.
Low to
High
ATP

53. Types of Transport
Passive
(no ATP)
Active
(requires ATP)

54. Passive Transport *no energy required Passive Osmosis Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion

55. Movement of materials that DOES NOT require energy (ATP)
Passive Transport
Movement of materials that DOES NOT require energy (ATP)

56. High Concentration
Passive Transport
Low Concentration

57. The movement of molecules across the cell membrane
Diffusion
The movement of molecules across the cell membrane

58. Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

59. Concentration gradient, the difference in the number of molecules between two areas.
Equilibrium

60. What Is Simple Diffusion?

61. Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion that is helped by proteins channels in the membrane

62. Facillitated Diffusion

63. Diffusion vs. Facillitated Diffusion

64. OSMOSIS
The diffusion of water

65. Osmosis: Movement is always from most water to least water concentration.

66. Salt
Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

67. Osmosis

69. Osmosis
Iso- Equal
Hypo- Less Than
Hyper- More Than

70. Which one is H2O moving out? Moving in?

71. Osmosis vs Diffusion In osmosis, what is moving? WATER
In diffusion, what is moving?
PARTICLES

72. Osmosis or Diffusion?

73. Osmosis or Diffusion

74. Active Transport Active Pumps Membrane Movements Endocytosis
Exyocytosis

75. Active Transport
Movement of materials from low concentration to high concentration using a protein carrier that requires energy (costs ATP)

76. High Concentration
Active Transport
Low Concentration

77. Active Transport: a means of crossing a membrane : requires energy because movement is against concentration gradient.
ATP required

78. No Energy Energy LOW to HIGH
No Energy
Energy
LOW to HIGH

79. Endocytosis - cell takes in large particles by engulfing them

80. Exocytosis - cell gets rid of particles, opposite of endocytosis

82. Bilayer of Lipids and Proteins
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
Bilayer of Lipids and Proteins

83. 1. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called
A. perforated
B. semi-permeable
C. non-conductive
D. permeable

84. 3. Cells need to bring in molecules to carry out cellular processes
3. Cells need to bring in molecules to carry out cellular processes. Often, this requires moving the molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.
How do these molecules get into the cell? 
A. passive transport by diffusion
B. active transport using ATP 
C. passive transport by osmosis
D. phagocytosis

85. 6. Which is an important function of the cell structure in this model?
a. Controlling passage of materials
b. Packaging cell products for export
c. Transferring hereditary material to offspring
d. Preventing a cell from bursting due to osmosis

86. 7. Some peeled pieces of apple were placed in distilled water and some in very salty water.
The cells in the apple pieces will —
a. lose water in both solutions
b. gain water in both solutions
c. lose water in the distilled water and gain water in the salty water
d. gain water in the distilled water and lose water in the salty water

87. a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. diffusion d. cyclosis
8. The diagram below shows the same type of molecule in area A and area B. With the passage of time, some molecules move from area A to area B. This movement is the result of the process of.
a. phagocytosis
b. pinocytosis
c. diffusion
d. cyclosis

88. 10. Which of these processes is demonstrated by the above experiment shown in the diagram?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Active transport
C. Endocytosis
D. Diffusion