1. Chall’s Reading Stages: Unlocking the Code
Stage 0--Pseudo reading (Preschool)
Stage 1--Decoding (Ages 6-7)
Stage 2--Confirmation and Fluency (Ages 7-8)
Stage 3--Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13)
Stage 4--Multiple Viewpoints (Ages 14-18)
Stage 5--Construction and Reconstruction (Ages 18 and Above)

2. Reading is making meaning out of print--independently.
What is reading?
Reading is making meaning out of print--independently.

3. Reading is Developmental
Ages and grades given are for normal development
We all go through the same stages just at different rates
So instruction proceeds at different rates depending on the learner
Instruction is similar regardless of the age of the student

4. Stage 0 Begins at or before birth Pseudo-reading Re-telling
Using pictures
Recalling
Developing phonemic awareness
Otherwise known as Emergent Reading

5. According to our definition of reading, why would Chall call this Stage 0?

6. Stage One: Initial Reading or Decoding Grades 1-2, Ages 6-7
Early Alphabetic (Ages 4-5)
Later Alphabetic (Ages 5-6)

7. Stage One: Initial Reading or Decoding Grades 1-2, Ages 6-7
Learning sound-symbol correspondences
Figuring out syllables, onset/rimes, multi-letter combinations
Considered “glued to the print” until automaticity is gained, then they can leave the print

8. Early Alphabetic Characteristics (Ages 4-5)
Becomes aware that letters correspond to speech sounds
Sounds out beginning consonants and spells some sounds in words

9. Later Alphabetic Characteristics (Ages 5-6)
•Decodes simple words by using phonics
•Glued to print until fluency develops
•Spells phonetically
•Reads preprimer level

10. Stage Two: Confirmation, Fluency, Ungluing from Print: Grades 2-3, Ages 7-8
Confirming what is already known, not to learn new information
Use decoding knowledge and redundancies to read
Gain courage, skill in using context and gain fluency and speed
More guessing and risk-taking
Need to read many familiar books

11. Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13)
Stages 1 & 2--concerned more with the relating of print to speech and, finally, the mastery of print
Stage 3--concerned more with the relating of print to ideas and the mastering of ideas
Reading can finally become a better means of learning new things compared to listening and watching

12. Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13)
There was a time when subject areas were not introduced until 4th grade--mastery of reading and math came first

13. Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13)
Stage 3A: Doesn’t usually require special knowledge to read informational materials; subject matter is introductory
Stage 3B: Grow in ability to analyze what is read and to react critically to different viewpoints

14. Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13)
Vocabulary growth through morphological study is important
Text structure must be addressed
Graphic organizers should be introduced
Study skills should be taught
Usually only one point of view can be conceived at a time

15. Stage Four: Multiple Viewpoints: (Ages 14-18)
Dealing with more than one point of view
Layers of facts and concepts
Builds upon knowledge learned earlier
Pattern recognition of different ideas and points of view

16. Stage Five: Construction and Reconstruction--A World View (Ages 18 and above)
From reading and from what others say, reader constructs knowledge for him/herself
Uses analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of what is read and known
Previous knowledge makes rapid reading rate possible
If texts and ideas are unfamiliar, a slower, study-type pace is needed

17. Implications: Stage 3 is necessary for the industrial workplace
Stage 4 is an absolute for the informational age
Many readers never get beyond Stage 3 and most reading instruction ends before students are adept at Stage 3 skills
Most remediation is done in Stage 1 and Stage 2 as well as Stage 3A
However, Stage 3A depends so heavily on adequate Stage 1 & 2 skills that decoding and fluency may be more important for older students whose comprehension seems low

18. Wait… what about ELL students?
THE END (finally)
Wait… what about ELL students?

19. For ELL students… Oral language must come first
Then they can begin to learn about writing and reading in English.

20. Stages of Second Language Learning
Phase I: Preproduction
Silent stage
Imitation of others’ actions - pretending that s/he understands.
Phase II: Early Production
Single word and phrase use
phrases that are important for his/her survival in the classroom
Example:" Stop it!" "I’m next!" "Me too!" "that’s mine!."
Phase III: Speech emergence
Initial understanding of grammatical rules
Generalize past tenses…

21. Phase IV: Intermediate
Good grasp of everyday English
Acquire about 6000 words during this stage
Stage lasts for up to a year
Phase V: Advanced
Language comparable to native speaker
Often takes 5 or more years to reach this stage Created by Dr. Geri Mohler, adapted by C. Mody