1. Mapping Our World

2. Latitude and Longitude
Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
The equator serves as the reference point for latitude, is numbered 0° latitude.
Each degree of latitude is equivalent to about 111km on Earth’s surface.

3. Latitude and Longitude
Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
The prime meridian is the reference point for longitude and represents 0° longitude.
The degrees of longitude vary with information. One degree of longitude varies from about 111 km at the equator to essentially the distance covered by a point at the poles.

5. Topographic Maps Contour line connects points of equal elevation.
Contour interval is the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines.
Index contour are numbers on contour lines representing their elevation.
Depression contour lines indicate lower elevation.
Benchmark is the highest point on a topographic map.

6. Topographic Map

7. Topographic Map

8. Legends and Scales
A map legend explains what the symbols represent on a map.
A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.