1. Variables Qualitative (categorical, nominal, discrete)
Quantitative (Continuous/Discrete, Ordinal, Interval, ratio)
Independent: Predictor, Manipulated/Non-manipulated
Dependent: Outcome
Extraneous: Confounding

2. Types of research Quantitative research Highly controlled
Minimize bias
Maximum reliability and validity
Objective measurements
Deductive and inductive reasoning
Statistical analyses
Qualitative research
Less controlled
Natural setting emphasized
Flexible methods and interpretation
Non-standardized methods

3. True experimental research
Random assignment
Active manipulation of independent variables
Experimental and control groups
Quasi-Experimental research
Non-random assignment
Non-experimental research
Non-randomized
No manipulation of variables
Correlation, rather than causation.
Ex post facto

4. Defining a problem Originating a question (what, where, why)
Developing a rationale of its importance
Determining the feasibility of answering it.
(Merton, 1959)

5. Originating a question
Personal/clinical interests/opinions/experiences
Literature
Announced research initiatives

6. Rationale for a question
Will the answer to the question
Confirm, refute, or extend previous research findings
Be generalizable
Provide new information
Help advance the development of theory and new research

7. Feasibility of answering the question
Question must be testable
Methodological constraints
Cost and time limitations
Pilot studies