1. Minority identity

2. THE question What is minority identity?
What kind of minorities can we identify?
Is there any particular characteristic connected to it?

3. Minority group
A group of people who expreience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group.
Membership: typically based on differences in observable characteristics or practices (sex, ethnicity, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation)
Intersectionality: an individual may hold membership in multiple minority gropus, or be part of a minority group in regard to some characteristic but part of a dominant group in regard to others

4. Minority - definition
Louis Wirth:  "a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in thE society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination„
(Wirth, L. (1945). "The Problem of Minority Groups". In Linton, Ralph. The Science of Man in the World Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 347. )

5. Characteristics of minority groups:
Suffering discrimination or subordination
Have physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart and are disapproved by the dominant group
Have a shared sense of collective identity and common burdnes
Have shared rules about who belongs to the group
Have a tendency to marry within the group
(Joe R. Feagin (1984). Racial and Ethnic Relations (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 10.)

6. Minority Identity Development Model
Pre-Encounter Stage: minorities perceive the mainstream to being anti-minority and will act in ways to devalue their minority status
Encounter Stage: begin to “encounter” or gain awareness of what it means to be minority, and they begin to validate themselves in terms of minority identity
Immersion Stage: individuals reject all mainstream values and fully immerse themselves in minority culture. 
Internalization Stage: individuals develop a secure and self-confident minority identity and are also comfortable expressing preferences and interests for experiences from non-minority cultures.
adamantly only mingle with “white” crowds and detest any association with ethnic friends, colleagues, or communities. 

7. National minorities A group of people within a given national state:
which is numerically smaller than the rest of population of the state or a part of the state,
which is not in a dominant position,
which has culture, language, religion, race etc. distinct from that of the majority of the population,
whose members have a will to preserve their group identity,
whose members are citizens of the state where they have the status of a minority, and
whose members have had long-term presence in the territory.
Do you have national minorities?
Hungary: Romany, Croatian, Slovakian, German, Rutenian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovenian

8. Involuntary and voluntary minorities
Involuntary minorities: „castelike minorities” – people who were brought into a society/country against their will
Voluntary minorities: immigrants take on minority status in their new country on a voluntary basis

9. Privilege
privilege = a favored state, whether earned or conferred by birth or luck?
distinguish between earned strength and unearned power