1. Connecting Ideas-Cohesion
Cohesion words connect different parts of discourse (a group of sentences together)-cohesion makes it easier for students to understand vocabulary because the context is clearer
Types of cohesion include:
Pronouns-he, she, it, etc.
Demonstratives-this, that, these, those
Conjunctions-and, because, so, but, etc.

2. Register
Register refers to the level of formality involved when language users make lexical choices-choices will depend upon: Purpose of message (ex. selling versus telling friend about discount), relationship between message sender / receiver (boss to employee versus friend to friend), and channel of communication (phone call versus written report)

3. Hyponymy
Hyponymy organizes words by related word meanings-this helps L2 learners store and retrieve language
Related word meanings are organized into superordinate and subordinate categories
Ex. superordinate-subordinate
-subordinate
Vehicle van
(superordinate) -truck
-car hatchback
-station wagon
-sports car-hard top
-convertible

4. Compounds Compounds based on: verb + preposition (ex. takeover)
noun + noun (ex. notebook)
noun + adjective (ex. suntanned)
Can you match these compounds (all involve living things) with their correct meanings?
paper tiger A a safe street crossing
dark horse B embarrassing family member
zebra crossing C powerful looking-not in reality
red herring D person with hidden qualities
black sheep E distraction from topic

5. New Words / Expressions
New words / expressions are created almost daily-context may give the meaning of these ex. guerilla marketing
What do the following underlined words mean:
This area attracts ecotourists, who come watch the wildlife.
They’re a blended family. He has two children from a previous marriage, and she has one child from her first marriage.
It is bad netiquette to use all capital letters on the internet because it looks as if you’re shouting.
You don’t have to pay for this computer program. It’s freeware.
She has cyberphobia. She refuses to go near a computer.

6. Agentive Endings
or / er-Bound derivational morphemes-these suffixes must be joined to other morphemes-usually changes class of word-attach these morphemes to a verb and the word class changes to a noun i.e. one who ‘verbs’.
Ex. sing-singer
ist-Bound derivational morpheme-must also be joined to other morphemes-attach these morphemes to a noun or adjective to indicate someone who is connected to an idea or thing
Ex. machine-machinist

7. Where do the following words come from?
Borrowed Words
Where do the following words come from?
guitar garage
guru intelligenstia
coffee haiku
anonymous taboo
Explain the origin and meaning of the following:
herculean effort
cesarean section
atlas

8. Remembering Idioms
Grouping idioms together can be a useful way to remember them-they can be grouped by: grammar, meaning, and verb.
Grammar: pull a fast one / verb+object
Meaning: He takes the cake. / describing characteristics
Verb: Don’t make a mountain out of a molehill.
Which groups do the following idioms belong in? Also, explain their meaning.
poke your nose in
You’re a pain in the neck.
Since losing my job, I can barely make ends meet.

9. Homonymy
Homonyms are words that have the same forms, but different meanings-some of which are central, that is, a meaning that language users relate to immediately upon encountering a word-which of the following are central:
Did you hurt your head?
She’s head of the committee.
The head of this hammer is loose.
The hands of the clock approached midnight.
His hand was good enough to win the poker game.
What beautiful hands you have.
I need a hand; can you lift this?