1. Class, Nation, and the Modern Landscape

2. Some landscape categories
The beautiful
ordered, smooth, pleasant.
The picturesque
like the beautiful in its emphasis on calm. But includes small suggestions of disorder and irregularity designed to generate interest and a sense of particularity.
The sublime
opposed to the beautiful and the picturesque. Wild, frightening landscapes that test viewers’ limits.

3. Images from: William Gilpin, Three Essays: On Picturesque Beauty, On Picturesque Travel, and On Sketching Landscape (1792)
William Gilpin, Scene without picturesque adornment, ca. 1792
William Gilpin, Scene with picturesque adornment, ca. 1792

4. Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Dancing Figures, 1648

5. Thomas Gainsborough, Mr and Mrs Robert Andrews, ca. 1748-9

6. John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

7. John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821
“The sound of water escaping from Mill dams … Willows, Old rotten banks, slimy posts and brickwork. I love such things … I should paint my own places best … They made me a painter (and I am grateful) that is I had often thought of pictures of them before I had ever touched a pencil.”
-- John Constable to John Fisher, 1821
John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

8. John Constable, The White Horse, 1819

9. Eugene von Guérard, William Lang’s Camp on Saltwater River, 1866

11. Some landscape categories
The beautiful
ordered, smooth, pleasant.
The picturesque
like the beautiful in its emphasis on calm. But includes small suggestions of disorder and irregularity designed to generate interest and a sense of particularity.
The sublime
opposed to the beautiful and the picturesque. Wild, frightening landscapes that test viewers’ limits.

12. Philippe Jacques Loutherbourg, Avalanche in the Alps, 1803

13. J. M. W. Turner, Snowstorm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, 1812
Terms: Carthaginian empire; Second Punic War

14. David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps at Mount St. Bernard, 1800

15. Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist, 1818

16. Friedrich, Chasseur in the Forest, 1814

17. Frederic Church, Niagara, 1857

18. American artists’ wild and ungovernable spirit is “a true development of the American mind; the result of democracy, of individuality … inspired not only by the irresistible cataract but by the mighty forest … by the broad continent we call our own, by the onward march of civilization, by the conquering of savage areas …” (Adam Badeau, “American Art,” in The Vagabond (New York, 1859))

20. Jean-Francois Millet, The Sower, 1850-1
Term: Realism
Jean-Francois Millet, The Sower,

21. Jean-Francois Millet, Man with a Hoe, 1852-62

22. Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849-50