2. Christians: where Jesus was crucified and resurrected
Jews: Zion, God’s own city, site of Solomon’s temple
Muslims: 3rd holiest city, where Muhammad ascended to heaven

3. “Expel that wicked race from our Christian lands. Christ commands it.”

4. From Latin “crux” (cross)
Crusaders “take up the cross” to recover Holy Land from Muslims
Series of nine military expeditions

5. Knights: use fighting skills, adventure
Possible wealth or instant salvation if killed
Peasants: freedom from feudal bonds

6. Increase power in Europe
Heal split between Roman Catholic and Byzantine/ Greek Orthodox Church
Saw land in the Middle East as a good place for Europe’s growing population

7. 1096 – 1099
Crusaders meet in Constantinople
Killed Jews and Muslims on the way to capturing Jerusalem
Some crusaders stay, create Palestine

8. 1147 – 1149
Seljuk Turks (Muslim) take part of Crusader states in Palestine
Crusaders fail to recover lands

9. 1189 – 1192
Led by Richard the Lionheart of England
Saladin – united Muslims, took Jerusalem in 1187
Saladin’s truce – he keeps city, allows pilgrims access

10. 1204
Crusaders decide not to go to Jerusalem
Attack Christian city of Constantinople instead

11. Feudalism breaks down, kings gain authority over Pope & nobles
Bitterness among Muslims, Christians, and Jews
Byzantine Empire weakens
Interactions lead to establishment of trade networks

13. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain wanted to create a Christian Spain
They attempt to drive all Muslims out of Spain

14. Inquisition court set up to try people accused of heresy
Isabella targeted the Jews and Muslims in Spain
Anyone who refused to convert to Christianity was tortured or burned at the stake

15. More than 150,000 people fled Spain in fear
Religious unity was achieved in Spain, but at a huge price
Spain’s economy suffered from loss of many skilled and educated people

16. Do you think the Catholic Church would still have advocated for the Crusades if they knew the long- term results of them? Explain why or why not.