1. Gross Domestic Product & Growth
Macroeconomics – Part 1

2. Gross Domestic Product is
The dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.
Let’s break that down, piece by piece.

3. Gross Domestic Product is
The dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.
To get Dollar value we look at the total of the selling prices
We don’t look at what they were “worth”

4. Gross Domestic Product is
The dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.
Final goods and services means products sold to consumers
It does not mean intermediate goods

5. Gross Domestic Product is
The dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.
The goods must have been made in the country’s border by anybody
So, a Toyota plant in the USA counts
A Chevrolet plant in Japan does not.

6. Calculating GDP – Two Methods
The Expenditure Approach: counting up the total amount spent on all goods and services.
The Income Approach: Add up all income earned in the economy
In method 1, we are adding up all the goods and services purchased. In method 2 we are looking at incomes that were used to buy the things in method 1. Thus, they should come out the same.

7. Nominal vs Real GDP Nominal GDP is a GDP measured in current prices
Thus if a country produced $4,000,000 worth of goods last year, it’s nominal GDP is $4,000,000)
Real GDP is a GDP measured by a fixed or constant price.
Because prices might have risen and because we are measuring Product (or items produced) and not their price, we have to adjust for those price changes.

8. Supply and Demand Revisited
Price Level: An average of all the goods and services made in one year.
Aggregate Demand: the Demand for all goods and services in the Country’s economy
Aggregate Supply: the Supply of all goods and services in the Country
Aggregate Supply/Aggregate Demand Equilibrium: the Equilibrium price for a Country’s economy

9. Business Cycles
1. A period of macroeconomic expansion followed by a period of contraction.
2. Has Four Stages: Expansion, Peak, Contraction and Trough

10. Business Cycle (Continued)
3. Three more terms:
A. Recession: a period in which GDP falls for at least 2 consecutive quarters (minimum 6 months)
B. Depression: a long and severe recession
C. Stagflation (Stagnant + Inflation): a decline in Real GDP and a rise in the price level

11. Economic Growth
A steady, long-term increase in a nation’s real GDP that tends to raise living standards.
Primary Causes:
Capital Deepening: increasing the amount of capital per worker
Saving and Investing
Advances in Technology

12. Measuring Economic Growth
Take Real GDP from the later Year (GDP2)
Subtract Real GDP from the earlier Year (GDP1) from it
Divide by Real GDP1
Multiply by 100
((GDP2 – GDP1) ÷ GDP1) x 100

13. Measuring Economic Growth
So if the Real GDP in 1994 was $7.8 billion
And Real GDP in 2004 was $10.8 billion
What was the economic growth?
((10.8 – 7.8) ÷ 7.8) x 100 =
(3 ÷ 7.8) x 100 =
.384 x 100 =
38.4%