1. Electric Vehicle Fleets, Far Ranging and Affordable
Doug Kettles, Sr. Research Analyst
Electric Vehicle Transportation Center
March 30, 2017

2. Electric Vehicle Transportation Center
Consortium of University of Central Florida, Tuskegee University and University of Hawaii
Focus is on EV technology, transportation planning, infrastructure, social and environmental impact
Co-located with the Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida
Tier 1
FSEC 40 years, EVTC since 2013

3. Transportation Fleets
Zero
Nikola
EDI

4. Transportation Fleets Profile
More than 11 million fleet cars and trucks
Generally feature standardized operations
Operations are often required to maintain detailed operational data
Drive and duty cycles frequently compliment EV technology and business requirements
11 million--U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Drive—how a vehicle is used (speeds, stops, idle time, engine time, etc.)
Duty—how much a vehicle is used (hours/day, total miles, typical load, etc.)

5. Fleet Petroleum Impacts
About 28% of all the energy in the United States is used to transport people and goods from one place to another
The petroleum fuels used for transportation include gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel.
In 2014, those fuels provided about 92% of the total energy used by the transportation sector in the United States.
Gas is 60% (368m gal/day)…electricity provided less than 1% of the total energy used. (U.S. Energy Information Administration)

6. Fleet Petroleum Impacts

7. Transportation GHG Contribution

8. Why EV Fleets?
Best opportunity for large-scale reduction of adverse impacts
Standardized operations offer effective management and measurement of benefits
Effectively addresses CAFE, CAA and EPAct requirements
Particularly effective in reducing adverse environmental and health impacts in urban areas
Can offer compelling positive business impacts
Buses, taxis, ride-sharing, government and many other viable applications

9. EV Fleet Operational Benefits
Best opportunity for large-scale reduction of adverse impacts
Vehicles consume more than six billion gallons of fuel at idle, EVs do not idle
Effectively addresses CAFE, CAA and EPAct requirements
EVs require much less maintenance
Crash safety, insurance, etc. closely comparable
Cost of electricity is stable and predictable
Idle Reduction Research, Argonne National Laboratory--

10. Cost of Fuel

11. Regulatory Requirements
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (CAFE) NHTSA standards to reduce petroleum use and GHGs
Clean Air Act(CAA) EPA standards for CO, Ozone, Particulate, NOx, etc.
Energy Policy Act(EPAct) Fleet Operators acquire AFVs or reduce petroleum use
Executive Order (March 2015) Fed agencies set GHG goals, acquire PEVs, plan for infrastructure
Mandated by Congress. Compliance is complex: NHTSA sets fuel economy goals, EPA calculates vehicle fuel mileage. Fleet owners affected by EPAct Manufacturers more by CAFE & CAA
CAFE--
CAA--
EPAct-- EO

12. EV Fleet Application Considerations
EV application must accommodate the specific duty and drive cycle
High EV utilization rate is key
Vehicle capital cost is higher but is offset by much lower operating cost
Support infrastructure capital and operating cost can be significant
Driver training and behavior is key in achieving benefits
Using Commercial Electric Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid, Jasna Tomic and Jean-Baptiste Gallo--
FleetCarma White Papers--

13. EV Charging Level 1 110v/55A, Residential AC Toaster
4 Travel Miles/hour
NEC Article 625/UL
Level 2
220v/35A, Residential AC
208v/35A, Commercial AC
Cloths Dryer
15 Travel Miles/hour
Level 3 DC Fast Charge
480v/60A, Commercial AC
15 Residential Central Air Conditioning
Travel Miles, Minutes

14. EV Charging Installation
Power Source And Expansion Are Important
Safety, Good Lighting, ADA, Signage
Consider 25kW Chargers
Billing Can Be Managed Through Network Provider
NEC/Article 625 and UL
Plumb For Wireless

15. EV Transit Bus Case Study
Efficient transportation and significant health and environmental advantages
Short, fixed, low-speed routes with frequent stops
Conserves battery charge, maximizes regenerative braking
Battery chemistries can be matched to duty and drive cycles
Mileage: BEB 17.5 miles/DGE CNG 4.5 mile/DGE
Annual fuel: BEB $ CNG $30,000
Maintenance cost savings over 12 years, $70-90K
Foothill Transit Battery Electric Bus Demonstration Results--
California Air Resources Board, Technology Assessment --
Duty and drive cycle chemistry—Match duty cycle and business model with application, short routes smaller battery pack more fast charges Lithium-titanate (LTO)--over 20,000 cycles (with 100% Depth of Discharge and 4CC/4CD conditions). Longer routes, with less charging requirements lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells have a life of around 2,000 cycles, under similar charge conditions. And Toshiba’s lithium-titanate oxide Super-Charge Ion Battery (SCiB™), used in the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, offers a life of around 6,000 charge/discharge cycles.

16. EV Taxi Case Study
Efficient transportation with significant health and environmental advantages
Drive and duty cycle conserves battery charge, maximizes regenerative braking
EV taxi emissions reduction impact equal to eight personal vehicles.
Urban heat and noise dramatically reduced
MPGe cost is $.012/kWh for electricity
Overall maintenance is lower, battery replacement cost is a factor
Charging infrastructure and charging downtime are a challenge
Take Charge, A Roadmap To Electric New York City Taxis pdf

17. EV Fleet Requirements Summary
EV application must accommodate the specific duty and drive cycle
High vehicle utilization necessary
Driver training and behavior is key in achieving benefits
Support infrastructure capital and operation cost can be significant
Higher vehicle capital cost offset by much lower operating cost
Using Commercial Electric Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid, Jasna Tomic and Jean-Baptiste Gallo--
FleetCarma White Papers--

18. For Future Reference
Electric Vehicle Fleet Implications and Analysis
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics /html/table_01_14.html
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air Act (CAA)
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Policy Act (EPAct)
Federal Facilities Compliance Assistance Center (FedCenter.gov), Executive Order

19. For Future Reference
Idle Reduction Research, Argonne National Laboratory
Technology Assessment, California EPA Air Resources Board
Foothill Transit Battery Electric Bus Demonstration Results, National Renewable Energy Lab
Take Charge, A Roadmap to Electric New York City Taxis, NYC Taxi & Limousine Commission
Electric Vehicle Transportation Center

20. Contact Information
Doug Kettles Sr. Research Analyst Electric Vehicle Transportation Center 1679 Clearlake Road Cocoa, FL