1. Run On Sentences & Fragments!
Sentence fragments are sentences that are incomplete; a phrase or clause that is punctuated like a complete sentence. There are many reasons why a sentence is fragmented:
Lacks a subject:
Many astropsychisists now believe that galaxies are distributed in clusters. And even form supercluster complexes.

2. Fragments! The fragment lacks a verb.
Every generation has its defining moments. Usually the events with the most news coverage.
It lacks both a subject AND verb.
Researchers are engaged in a variety of studies. Suggesting a link between alcoholism and heredity.
See note for sentence completeness test and more on revising fragments.
Run these tests to determine if your sentence is complete:
1. Does the sentence have a verb? If not, you have a sentence fragment.
Example-Today the school bus running late.
Example Revised-Today the school bus is running late.
2. Does the sentence have a subject? If not, you have a sentence fragment.
Example-Jumped into the ocean. (who did?)
Example Revised-Bethany jumped into the ocean.
3. Does your subject and verb lack a connection to an independent clause? If so, you have a sentence fragment.
Example-If I run there.
Example Revised-If I run there, I will reach my goal for the week.

3. Time Out
Pause.
Take a breath!
Questions!?

4. Dependent Clauses! It is a dependent clause.
A dependent clause contains both a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone as a sentence. It needs an independent clause to be complete.
Recently retired ArchBishop Desmund Tutu was awarded the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize. Because he fought to end apartheid. (connect dependent clause to independent clause)
See note for more on revising and attaching dependent clauses.
Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions (although, because, etc) or a relative pronoun (which, who, etc).
Remember, if you have the relative pronoun ”which” starting a clause, you are dealing with a dependent clause most likely.
Besides attaching a dependent clause to an independent clause to create a complex sentence, there other ways to revise dependent clauses:
Remove the subordinate conjunction to make a complex sentence
Hershin declared war. Because Disonia bombed their capital city. (second sentence is a dependent clause)
Revise to...
Hershin declared war. Disonia bombed their capital city. (remove subordinating conjunction to make two independent clauses)

5. Phrases!
Phrases provide information about other words or elements in a sentence.
They lack a subject, verb, and cannot stand alone in a sentence.
Often they are MISSING INFORMATION.
Finally, a new home for the family. (missing subject/verb)
See note for more on revising phrases with transitions.
Many times, fragments will be introduced by transitional expressions. To revise them, add the subject and verb (see example on slide).
Example
In addition, four new litter boxes for the cats. (missing subject/verb)
Example Revised
In addition, we need four new litter boxes for the cats.

6. Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object.
To fix them, attach PP to an independent clause.
Toni ran five miles. On the final day at Monmouth. (second sentence is a prepositional phrase)
Toni ran five miles, on the final day at Monmouth.

7. Time Out!
Pause.
Take a breath!
Questions?!

8. Revising Run Ons! Comma Splices!
A run on sentence is an error that occurs when two independent clauses are joined incorrectly. This can happen via two ways:
Comma splices occur when two independent clauses are joined with just a comma.
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Micawber, he also created Uriah Heep.

9. Revising Comma Splices!
Two independent clauses need a conjunction and a comma. To fix this, add a conjunction (and, or, nor).
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Macawber, and he also created Uriah Heep.
Or...
Use a semicolon!
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Macawber; he also created Uriah Heep.

10. Comma Splices/Fused Sentences
Fused sentences happen when two independent clauses have no punctuation.
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Micawber he also created Uriah Heep.
See note for tips on revising run ons, fragments, and fused sentences. Grammar checkers will only correct about 50% of run ons, fragments, and fused sentences.
On page 158 in Hacker there is a nice flowchart for revising runon sentences that I need to scan. If you'd like a copy, please me.
Comma Splices/Fused Sentences
There are a number of ways to revise comma splices and fused sentences.
1. Add a period between clauses to create two sentences.
Example (for all comma splices)
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Micawber he also created Uriah Heep. (fused sentence)
Example Revised
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Micawber. He also created Uriah Heep.
2. Add a semicolon between clauses to create a compound sentence.
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Micawber; he also created Uriah Heep.
3. Add a coordinating conjunction between the clauses to create a compound sentence.
Charles Dickens created the character of Mr. Micawber, and he also created Uriah Heep.
4. Subordinate one clause to the other to create a compound sentence.
Charles Dickens, who created the character of Mr. Micawber, also also created Uriah Heep.
Fragments
On page 149 of Hacker, there is a great fragment flowchart I need to scan. If you want it, please me.
To revise fragments, you can try one of these methods:
1. Attach the fragment to a nearby sentence.
Example
I tripped and fell on the grass. Running up the hill. (second sentence is a fragment)
Running up the hill, I tripped and fell on the grass.
2. Turn the fragment into a sentence.
Sawyer jumped out of the helicoptor, landing in the ocean. And swam back to The Island. (second sentence is a fragment)
Sawyer jumped out of the helicoptor, landing in the ocean. He swam back to The Island.

11. Group Work!
Make sure you hand out grammar refresher #2!