1. CHAPTER 1
SECTION 1

2. THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY GEOLOGY
A. TO STUDY THE PROCESSES THAT CREATE EARTH’S FEATURES
B. SEARCH FOR CLUES ABOUT EARTH’S HISTORY

3. A GEOLOGIST AT WORK

4. STUDYING SURFACE CHANGES
CONSTRUCTIVE FORCES
BUILD UP SURFACE LANDFORMS
DESTRUCTIVE FORCES
SLOWLY WEAR AWAY SURFACE LANDFORMS

5. FINDING INDIRECT EVIDENCE
THE EARTH’S CENTER IS OVER 6,000KM .
THE DEEPEST MINE IS 3.8KM DEEP
SEISMIC WAVES- ALLOW US TO INFER THE INNER STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

7. A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH
TEMPERATURE- THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF KINETIC ENERGY IN A SUBSTANCE.
KINETIC ENERGY - HOW FAST SOMETHING MOVES- THE FASTER IT MOVES THE MORE IT
HITS OTHER PARTICLES(FRICTION)
EXPANDS- TAKES UP MORE SPACE

8. TEMPERATURE
AS WE PROCEED DEEPER INTO THE EARTH WE FIND THAT THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES
AT 20 METERS INTO THE EARTH THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES 1 DEGREE CELSIUS FOR EVERY 40 METERS YOU GO DOWN.

9. HEAT = KINETIC ENERGY

10. PRESSURE IS THE FORCE PUSHING ON A SURFACE OR AREA
AS WE GO DEEPER INTO THE EARTH THE FORCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE PLUS THE ROCK ABOVE US INCREASES. THE DEEPER – THE MORE ROCK THE GREATER THE PRESSURE

11. PRESSURE

12. INSIDE THE EARTH

13. CRUST THINNEST LAYER 5 – 40 KILOMETERS THICK SOLID
OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL CRUST

14. OCEANIC CRUST OCEANIC CRUST FOUND UNDER THE OCEAN
THINNEST PART OF THE CRUST 5 KILOMETERS
LAVA COOLED QUICKLY – NO CRYSTALS
BASALT
VERY DENSE

15. CONTINENTAL CRUST FOUND UNDER THE CONTINENTS
THICKER THAN OCEANIC CRUST KILOMETERS
LAVA COOLED SLOWLY – CRYSTALS FORMED
GRANITE
NOT AS DENSE AS BASALT

17. MANTLE LARGEST PART OF THE EARTH 3,000 KILOMETERS THICK
UPPER LAYER IS SOLID AND VERY SIMILAR TO CRUST
LITHOSPHERE- IS MADE UP OF THE CRUST AND THE UPPER (SOLID) PART OF THE MANTLE.

18. MANTLE THE AESTHENOSPHERE-NEXT LAYER IS SOFT AND VERY HOT
THE LITHOSPHERE(CRUST AND UPPER SOLID MANTLE) FLOAT ON THIS LIQUID ROCK

19. AESTHENOSPHERE

20. MANTLE
UNDER THE LIQUID PART OF THE MANTLE IS SOLID ROCK

21. CORE
OUTER CORE
VERY HOT AND A LIQUID
MADE OF IRON AND NICKEL

22. CORE INNER CORE VERY HOT STATE IS SOLID
THE CORE MAKES UP 15% OF THE VOLUME OF THE EARTH
THE CORE MAKES UP 35% OF THE EARTH’S MASS

23. EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENTS IN THE OUTER CORE CAUSE THE INNER CORE TO SPIN.
THE INNER CORE SPINS FASTER THAN THE REST F THE EARTH THUS SETTING UP A MAGNETIC FIELD THAT REACHES FROM THE INNER CORE OUT INTO SPACE. WE USE THE MAGNETIC FIELD FOR OUR COMPASSES