1. Cell Structures and Functions

2. Cell Wall ( rigid structure which surrounds the cell membrane) supports and protects-Plant Cell only
Centriole-Reproduction in animal cell
Chloroplast-Plant Cell-Energy producers)-trap sun’s energy to make glucose
Parts of the Cell

3. Structural Organization Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic-cells without membrane-bound structures-unicellular
Eukaryotic Cells- membrane bound organelles-multicellular

4. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists)
Prokaryotes (bacteria) differ greatly in structure.

5. Prokaryotic Cell
Bacteria

6. Summary of differences!
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
small cells (< 5 mm)
larger cells (> 10 mm)
always unicellular
often multicellular
no nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles
always have nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
DNA is circular, without proteins
DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin
ribosomes are small (70S)
ribosomes are large (80S)
no cytoskeleton
always has a cytoskeleton
cell division is by binary fission
cell division is by mitosis or meiosis
reproduction is always asexual
reproduction is asexual or sexual
Alike both have cell membranes ,cytoplasm, and DNA as their genetic material

7. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

8. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Animal cells are very similar to plant cells except for the following major differences:
Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts
Animal cells are not surrounded by cell walls
The vacuoles in plants are much larger than those of animals
Vacuoles-Storage Tank of Cells-Plants generally contain one large vacuole-animal cells have several smaller ones. Major function of vacuoles in plants is to provide internal pressure against the cell wall to keep the plant firm. The water-filled vacuoles swell and make the plant plump. This plumpness keeps the plants from being limp and droopy.

9. Plant Cell

10. Animal Cell

11. Microscope Pictures of a Plant Cell and an Animal Cell
Elodea
Human Cheek Cells

12. Cell Parts and Their Functions:
Specialized cell parts called organelles “little organs”

13. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

14. Cytoplasm
Structure: gelatin-like fluid that lies between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane
Function: contains salts, minerals and organic molecules
holds organelles
eighty percent water and usually clear
in color

15. Cytoplasm

16. Cytoskeleton
Structure: a network of thin, fibrous elements made up of microtubules (hollow tubes) and microfilaments (threads made out of actin)
Function: acts as a support system for organelles -maintains cell shape
Not found in prokaryotic cells

17. Nucleus
Structure: the nucleus is a sphere that contains another sphere called a nucleolus
Nickname: “The Control Center”
Function: storage center of cell’s DNA -manages cell functions
Parts:
Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes – responsible for genetic material and cell instructions

18. Nucleus

19. Nuclear Membrane / Envelope
Nickname: Gate Keeper
Function: Selective - chooses what goes in and out of the nucleus

20. Nuclear Membrane / Envelope

21. Inside the Nucleus Chromatin Function:
Material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information and direct functions of a cell.
Thin strands inside the nucleus.
Forms chromosomes

22. When the cell get ready to divide it makes
Chromosomes
Function: Carries genetic information that control inherited characteristics such as eye color and blood type.
DNA is always in the form of chromosomes.

23. Chromosomes

24. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

25. Ribosomes Nickname: “Protein factories” Function: Produce proteins
Proteins are passed to the interior of the endoplasmic reticulum. From there they will be transported to the Golgi bodies.
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

26. Ribosomes

27. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Go to Section:

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Nickname: “Roadway”
Function: carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.

29. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, that's why it has ribosomes

30. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)
No ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids

31. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Go to Section:

32. Golgi Complex Nickname: “The Shippers”
Function: receives, packages, and distributes proteins and other materials to different locations inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes

33. Golgi Complex

34. Lysosomes Structure: circular, but bigger than ribosomes)
Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down large food particles into particles the rest of the cell can use, and to destroy old cells. Also, breaks down old cell parts and release substances to reuse.

35. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies

36. Mitochondria Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
Function: Produces most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions.
Muscle cells have large numbers of mitochondria.
Breaks down food to make energy -ATP (cellular respiration)
ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

38. Animal Cell Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies

39. Cell Membrane Nickname: “Gatekeeper”
Function: forms outside boundary of animal cell and allows materials to move in and out of the cell
Selectively permeable – allows some substances to move through and some cannot maintaining homeostasis.

40. Cell Membrane

41. Now let’s talk about structures only found in PLANT Cells!!

42. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Cell Membrane
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

43. Vacuoles Nickname: Storage Tank
Function: stores water, food, waste products, and other materials.
Large Central vacuole in plants
Not all animals have vacuoles. If they do they are small and more than one.

44. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Chloroplasts
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Go to Section:

45. Chloroplasts Green in color because of chlorophyll, a green pigment.
Structure: stacked sacs that contain chlorophyll surrounded by a double membrane
Function: photosynthesis (conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose).
Green in color because of chlorophyll, a green pigment.

46. Chloroplasts

47. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Vacuole Chloroplasts
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Go to Section:

48. Cell Wall
Structure: rigid wall made up of cellulose, proteins, and carbohydrate
Either cellulose or chitin
Function: rigid layer of non-living material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Provides support and protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

49. Cell Wall

50. Plant Cell Cytoplasm Vacuole Smooth ER Ribosomes Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER

51. Create a Venn Diagram of the Animal and Plant Cell Structures

52. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
No cell wall DNA has cell wall
No chloroplasts Ribosomes chlorophyll in chloroplasts
Small or no Cytoplasm large central vacuole
vacuole Cell Membrane usually boxy or square
Can change shape Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Golgi Bodies
Endoplasmic Reticulum\
Smooth
Rough
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane

53. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic structure and function in living organisms.
3. All cells come from other cells.

54. Cells vary in size large cell -- yolk of an Ostrich egg; salmon eggs
most cells are microscopic in size

55. Surface to Volume Ratio
Cells take in nutrients and get rid of wastes through the cell membrane
Bigger Cell = more food and more waste (more materials pass through its outer surface)
Volume increases, surface area increases too, but the volume grows at a much faster pace,
If it gets too big, the surface area will not be able to take in nutrients or pump out waste.

56. Genetic Science Learning Center