1. Topic10 AGGRESSION
Any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure some person, oneself, or an object.

2. Type of Aggression Indirect Aggression Direct Aggression
Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation
Direct Aggression
Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face
Emotional Aggression
Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
Instrumental Aggression
Hurting another to accomplish some other goal (nonaggressive)

3. Type of Aggression Definition Example
Attempt to hurt another without obvious face-to-face conflict
Spreading a rumor that your ex-boyfriend is a drugs addict
Indirect Aggression

4. Behavior intended to hurt someone “to his or her face”
Type of Aggression
Definition
Example
Behavior intended to hurt someone “to his or her face”
A football player punches another player
Direct Aggression

5. Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
Type of Aggression
Definition
Example
Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
A child throws a temper tantrum after mom refuses to buy candy
Emotional Aggression

6. Type of Aggression Definition Example
Hurting another to accomplish another (non-aggressive) goal
A mother spanks a child to discourage him from repeating a tantrum
Instrumental Aggression

7. Aggression & Violence Aggression may lead to violence
Forsyth (1995) listed forms of aggression cum violence
Criminal violence
Sexual assault
Domestic violence
Adolescent violence
Collective violence

8. Criminal Violence Actions that injure people Against the law
E.g. physical attack, excessive physical attack, murder attempt and murder

9. Sexual assault Domestic violence
Rape, rape attempt and other sexual assault
Domestic violence
Violence at home
Penderaan anak, isteri dan ibu bapa
Physical, emotional and sexual

10. Adolescent Violence By the adolescent and early adults
Rape, attacking teachers, fights among adolescent and vandalism.

11. Collective Violence Gangsters and gangs
Not individuals, but group-based violence
Terrorists
E.g. Mafia, IRA, JRA

12. Therotical Approach
Psychoanalytic
Evolutionary
Social learning

13. Psychoanalytic Theory of Aggression
Freud hypothesized that aggressive behavior is principally the result of an innate biological motives:
Eros (naluri hidup)
Thanatos (naluri maut)
Eros – innate drives for physical pleasure e.g. sexual
Thanatos – innate drives leading to destruction and violence

14. The inborn destructive tendency creates a drive state that must somehow be reduced
The person therefore engages in aggressive behavior that serves to satisfy and temporarily eliminate the uncomfortable drive state
Aggression resulting from the death instinct may be directed inward or outward
Inward-directed aggression – lead to feelings or worthlessness and depression, probably suicide
Outward-directed aggression – lead to hostility toward others

15. Evolutionary Basis Survival instinct
The roots of human aggression lie in the defensive aggression seen in many animal spesies (Albert et al., 1993; Rushton, 1988)
Ethologist, Konrad Lorenz (1966) – naluri gaduh semulajadi – instinctual – a biological basis at birth

16. Humans vary in aggressiveness from such an early point in life that psychological factors are certainly involved (Rothbart et al., 1994)
Aggression increased by the use of alcohol (Phil et al., 1997), low blood sugar levels (Neideffer, 1977), injected male hormones (Reinisch, 1981)

17. Sociobiological Perspective
Aggression – due to the influence of evolution process
Again, survival for the group (Pitchapan et. al., 1997)
Aggression increases the probability of survival
But, this theory receives heavy criticism (Ghiselin, 1976; Dickerman, 1995)

18. Social Learning Perspective
Basic principles
People learn from experience
People thought they will be rewarded for the aggressive behavior
People are encouraged to be aggrassive due to specific social condition
Operant conditioning approach – aggression behavior develops as the result of a pattern of positive and negative reinforcements.

19. According to Miller & Dollard (1941), all significant human behavior is learned in particular social, cultural and historical context
Learning involves 4 fundamental factors
Learning is motivated by drive
Learning is given direction and guidance by cues
Learning involves a response
Learning constitutes reinforcement
If the aggression is an acquired skill, then it can be changed during socialization
If the aggression is related to situational condition, then we can adapt the condition

20. Nursery school children studies (Patterson et. al
Nursery school children studies (Patterson et. al., 1967) – aggression-nonaggressive vs rewarding experience
Inadequate discipline at home (taking little or no action to reduce behavior) – is associated with higher level of aggression later in life (Travillion & Synder, 1993)
Research on Anglo & Hispanic men & women show that those exposed to more violence during childhood were more likely to be aggressive (Harris, 1996)
How harmful observing violence on television

21. Factors Influence Aggressive
Gender Differences
Men are more physically aggressive, but women engage in more direct indirect aggression
Cultural also play a role in sex differences in aggressive behavior. Women from Australia and New Zealand showed greater evidence of aggressiveness than men from Sweden and Korea did.

22. Factors Influence Aggressive
Personality
3 personality traits related to aggression are:
Irritability – the tendency to explode at the slightest provocation
Rumination – the tendency to retain feelings of anger following provocation
Emotional susceptibility –the tendency to experience feelings of discomfort and inadequacy

23. Factors Influence Aggressive
Biological Factors
Individual differences in aggressiveness are partly due to inheritance and hormonal changes
Alcohol
Alcohol provides a direct biochemical stimulus to aggression

24. Factors Influence Aggressive
Pain and Discomfort
People who having pain and discomfort are more likely to act aggressively
Frustration
Frustration-aggression theory
People perception that they are being prevented from attaining a goal will increase the probability of their responding aggressively

25. Factors Influence Aggressive
Being provoked and reciprocating
Aggression frequently stems from the need to reciprocate after being provoked by aggressive behavior from another person
Imitation
Children frequently learn to solve conflict aggressively by imitating adults and their peers.

26. Factors Influence Aggressive
Media and Video Violence
Children who exposed violent television act more aggressively in their play behavior and more likely to choose aggressive solutions to social problems

27. Steps To Control & Prevent Aggression
Increase penalties for violence
Reduce violence on television
Reduce children’s exposure to violence
Reduce alcohol and drug use
Reduce the availability of cues for aggression
Directly instruct youth and adults to avoid violence
Emphasize the ‘power of positive thinking’
Emphasize antiviolence norms
Establish school and community antiviolence programs
Reduce unemployment and stabilize employment