1. Nervous System – Part 2 Review PNS Divisions Brain Afferent Division
Efferent Division
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Brain
Lateralization
Localization of Function
Brain Regions

2. Nervous System Review 2 major divisions:
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
2 major divisions:
Central (CNS)- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral (PNS)- nerves connecting CNS to sences, muscles, and organs

3. Nervous System Review 3 kinds of neurons: Nerve = many neurons
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
How a signal is received
Interneurons
Integrates
Completely within the CNS
Efferent (Motor) Neurons
Outgoing info to muscles and organs
Nerve = many
neurons
key words: peripheral nervous system

4. Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of 43 paired nerves.
Contain axons of both afferent and efferent neurons.

5. Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent Division
Efferent Division
Somatic A u t o n o m i c
key words: peripheral nervous system; skeletal nervous system; somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system S y m p a t h e t i c P a r a s y m p a t h e t i c

6. PNS – Afferent Division
Takes in sensory input.
Ex)

7. PNS – Efferent Division
Carry signals out from the CNS to muscles and glands.
More complicated.
Made up of somatic and autonomic divisions.

8. PNS – Efferent Division – Autonomic Division
Controls signals to/from internal organs
Control involuntary functions
heartbeat
blood pressure
respiration
perspiration
digestion
Can be influenced by thought and emotion
Two divisions:
sympathetic
parasympathetic

9. PNS – Efferent Division – Autonomic - Sympathetic
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
Spinal
cord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,
nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculation
in male
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivary
glands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
“Fight-or-flight” response
Release adrenaline and norepinephrine
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Inhibits digestive functions
keywords: sympathetic nervous system; fighlt or flight response

10. PNS – Efferent Division – Autonomic - Parasympathetic
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinal
cord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erection
of sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
“Rest-and-digest ” system
Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure
key words: parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest system

11. Reflexes

12. Nervous System High in lipids
White matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.
High in lipids
Based on color when preserved in formaldehyde
Gray matter is non-myelinated axons and cell bodies.
White matter can look darker than gray depending on the type of stain used.

13. Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left & Right sides are separated
Corpus Callosum: major pathway between hemispheres
Some functions are ‘lateralized’
language on left
math, music on right
Lateralization is never 100%
Left
Hemisphere
Corpus Callosum
Right
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere

14. Sensory Information sent to opposite hemisphere
Left visual
field
Right visual
Optic
nerves
Corpus
Callosum
Left Visual
Cortex
Right Visual
Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex
Visual Crossover
left visual field to right hemisphere
right field to left
Other senses and motor control is similar
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere; visual infomation; touch information

15. Corpus Callosum Major (but not only) pathway between sides
Connects comparable structures on each side
Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres
Aids motor coordination of left and right side
Corpus Callosum
Medial surface of right hemisphere
Example : You read a geometry problem in a textbook. The words are seen and the visual forms translated into meaning by the language center in the left hemisphere. To solve the problem you have to imagine a cone shaped object. This is accomplished by centers in the right hemisphere. The solution is written down using language generated by the left hemisphere.
What would happen in cases like this if the callosum was damaged ?

16. Corpus Callosum What happens when the corpus callosum is cut?
Sensory inputs are still crossed
Motor outputs are still crossed
Hemispheres can’t exchange data
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere; corpus callosum; epilepsy
One method used to treat severely epileptic patients involves cutting the corpus callosum to prevent the spread of seizures acorss the entire brain. The video clip on this slide shows a man who has had such a surgery. Double click on video to start video clip. This clip discusses the types of information processing deficits associated with cutting the corpus callosum and shows a task often used to assess corpus callosum damage. This task is also represented in drawing form on the following slide as well.

17. The ‘Split Brain’ studies
Surgery for epilepsy: cut the corpus callosum
Special apparatus
picture input to just one side of brain
screen blocks objects on table from view
Nonverbal
right
hemisphere
Verbal
left
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere; corpus callosum; epilepsy
This slide is a schematic of the task shown in the video clip on the previous slide

18. The ‘Split Brain’ studies
I saw an
apple.
“What did
you see?”
Nonverbal
right
hemisphere
Verbal
left
Nonverbal
right
hemisphere
Verbal
left ??
“What did
you see?”
“Using your left hand,
Pick up what you saw.”
Picture to right brain
can’t name the object
left hand can identify by touch
Picture to left brain
can name the object
left hand cannot identify by touch

19. Localization of function
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

20. Occipital Lobe Input from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex
most is on surface inside central fissure
Outputs to parietal and temporal lobes
Occipital
Lobe
Visual
Lobe

21. Temporal Lobe Inputs are auditory, visual patterns
Contains primary auditory cortex
Temporal
Lobe
Auditory
Cortex
Inputs are auditory, visual patterns
speech recognition
face recognition
word recognition
memory formation
Outputs to limbic system, basal ganglia, and brainstem
Temporal
Lobe

22. Parietal Lobe Inputs from multiple senses
Somatosensory
Cortex
contains primary somatosensory cortex
borders visual & auditory cortex
Outputs to Frontal lobe
hand-eye coordination
eye movements
attention

23. Frontal Lobe Contains primary motor cortex No direct sensory input
Working
Memory
Motor
Cortex
Broca’s
Area
Contains primary motor cortex
No direct sensory input
Important planning and sequencing areas
Broca’s area for speech
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses
Prefrontal area for working memory

24. Regions of the Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Midbrain
Tectum
Hindbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata

25. Forebrain Functions
Cerebrum – coordinates sensory and motor input; memory; abstract thought
Thalamus – relay station for info in/out of cerebrum
Hypothalamus – maintains homeostasis
Pituitary Gland – master endocrine gland; controlled by the hypothalamus
Pineal Gland – controls daily rhythms

26. Midbrain & Hindbrain Functions
Tectum – auditory and visual reflexes
Pons – bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum and medulla
Cerebellum – unconscious motor coordination
Medulla Oblongata – autonomic function of vital organs

27. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-memory-works.html (10min)
Memory
(10min)