1. Chapter 3
Federalism

2. Federalism governments
Federalism = dividing power between two separate governments
40 % of people live in federalist counties

3. Why Federalism? Protect minorities from unjust majorities
Dividing power between national and local governments
Division of power creates competition
Large group of leaders rather than one
Increase participation in the political process
Allows states to try different policies that may meet the needs best

4. Recipe for Federalism
Constitution provides structure – strong national government
National government needed the power to tax and regulate interstate commerce
Congress needs to carry out laws that are “necessary and proper” to carry out national government powers, also called the implied powers clause.
States cannot interfere with the national government
States cannot make war, create an army, or coin money

5. The 10th Amendment and the States
Reserves powers to the states or people
States rights to marriage, divorce, maintain control of property, criminal law, contract law, highways, education al systems, and social welfare
State has concurrent power = state and national government are able to tax and spend, establish court system, and make and enforce laws
White separatists used states rights to deny equal opportunity to African Americans

6. The Federal System Evolves
State centered Federalism, = states were independent and did not share power. States in control of slave issue
Dual Federalism, = National and state government powers were separate
Cooperative Federalism, = National economy created, federal government had power over states, can be compared to goulash or a marble cake, relationship established to solve policy problems

7. The Federal System Evolves
Centralized Federalism, = National government had vision and goals, national government takes primary responsibility and directs state and local laws, compared to a pineapple upside-down cake
Representational Federalism, = States retain their constitutional role by electing the president and members of congress

8. Federalism and the Federal Courts
Judges of Federalism
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) = State of Maryland taxed the Baltimore branch bank, which was established by congress, refused to pay the taxes. Doctrine of national supremacy established. National law is superior to any other laws
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) = power of the states to segregate ended by the national government
State poll tax was found unconstitutional in 1966

9. Federalism Federal Grants Purposes
Supply state and local governments with money
Establish minimum standards
Equalize resources
Minimize growth of federal agencies

10. Federalism Types of Federal Grants
Categorical formula grants = funds set aside for specific purposes (school lunch, welfare)
Block grants = broad grants for education, social services, and healthcare. Can be sued by the states with flexibility
Revenue Sharing = terminated in the states and local governments by 1987
Project grants = a certain amount of money is put toward a specific project, such as the National Science Foundation

11. Tomorrow’s Federalism
More complex
States are more organized and have taken on greater responsibilities
Preemption exists
Citizens are concerned with efficiency
Dual Federalism = National and state government powers were separate