1. Module 5 Communication, homeostasis & energy
Block 2C – 5.5 Animal responses
Muscle types
2 lessons (if choose to do dissection of pigs trotter)

2. Spec

3. Starter – complete exam questions

4. Learning Objectives Success Criteria
To understand the three types of muscle
Identify 3 types of muscle and where they are found
(Grade E - D)
Outline the structural differences between each type of muscle
(Grade C –B)
Explain the structural differences according to function between all 3 muscle types
(Grade B – A) 4

5. FACTS Your Body has over 600 muscles
Muscle contracts to move bones and body parts
Muscle makes up approx half your body weight
Three different types of Muscle
Cells are arranged in fibres, that contract to become shorter and produce a force.
Contraction is produced by interaction between two protein filaments, actin and myosin, in muscle cells. Muscles are arranged in opposite pairs, so when one contracts the other one elongates (antagonistic pairs).

6. Control Mechanisms The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Heart (cardiac)
Involuntary (Smooth)
Central nervous System
Voluntary (Skeletal/striated)

7. the nervous system and the hormones that are released
Heart/Cardiac Muscle
Built in Pacemaker – Sino-atrial node
Heartbeat is involuntary
Individual cells from long fibres, which branch to form cross bridges and joined by intercalated discs, these help to ensure electrical stimulation spreads evenly and quickly across the chambers.
Influenced by many factors – Such as?
These factors change
the nervous system and the hormones that are released
striated

8. Involuntary (Smooth) Muscle
Found in visceral organs
(Hollow organs)
Name three Locations where you would find Smooth muscle?
It consists of individual cells, tapered at both ends (spindle shaped). Each cell contains a nucleus and bundles of actin and myosin.
Blood vessels digestive system

9. Voluntary (skeletal) Muscle
Attached to the skeleton in joints
Muscles are arranged in pairs
Muscle cells form fibres that are multinucleate and surrounded by a membrane – sarcolemma.
Muscle cell cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm, it contains many mitochondria and a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Fibres are arranged in myofibrils. These are divide into sarcomeres, that contain proteins such as actin and myosin.
Under voluntary control- contractions stimulated by the somatic nervous ystem
striated

10. Voluntary (skeletal) Muscle
is attached to
bones by
tendons
REMEMBER
Ligaments -Bone to Bone
Tendons – Muscle to Bone

11. Antagonistic muscles
The best-known example of antagonistic muscles are the biceps and triceps muscles, which articulate the elbow joint:
Muscles can’t push they only pull

12. Structure of Voluntary (Skeletal) Muscle
Made up of thousands of fibres
Inside these fibres – Myofibrils
These are divide into sarcomeres, that contain proteins such as actin and myosin.

13. 3 Muscle types
Get into groups of 3 and each one research a muscle type and feedback
Complete table

14. Activity You should now be able to complete the following table
Muscle Type
Muscle Structure
Primary Function of the muscle
Control Mechanism
Location

15. Muscle Type
Muscle Structure
Primary Function of the muscle
Control Mechanism
Location
Heart
Striated and Smooth
Pumping of heart
Hearts automatic nervous system and the ANS
In the heart
Involuntary
Smooth
Vital organs
Autonomic nervous system (unconsciously)
Blood vessels and Visceral organs
Skeletal
Striated
Movement of the body
CNS (consciously)
Attached to bones

16. Neuromuscular Junction
The junction between the nervous system and muscle is called the neuromuscular junction
Action potentials arrive at end of axon, opening calcium ion channels – Calcium ions flood into the axon
Vesicles of acetylcholine move towards the membrane and fuse
Acetylcholine diffuse across the gap and bind to receptors
Sodium channels open and sodium ions enter the muscle fibre causing depolarisation
Wave of depolarisation passes along the sarcolemma and down transverse tubules into the muscle fibre

17. Label the diagram with the stimulation of contraction

18. Extension - Compare and Contrast Neuromuscular Junction & Synapse
Similarities
Differences
Neuromuscular Junction
Synapse

19. Compare and Contrast Neuromuscular Junction & Synapse
Similarities
Differences
Neuromuscular Junction
Synapse
Neurotransmitter in vesicles
Vesicles release neurotransmitter into cleft
Neurotransmitter diffuses across gap & binds to receptor
Neurotransmitter results in depolarisation
Enzymes degrade neurotransmitter
Neurone to sarcomere
Postsynaptic simulation leads to depolarisation of sarcolemma
End plate has appearance of microvilli
Neurone to neurone
Postsynaptic simulation leads to AP in postsynaptic neurone
Synaptic knob is smooth and rounded

20. Dissection of a pigs trotter
Synovial fluid: lubricates/cushions joints
Cartilage: connective tissue
Ligaments: connects bone to bone
Synovial membrane: shock absorber, stops bones rubbing together

21. Plenary

23. Learning Objectives Success Criteria
To understand the three types of muscle
Identify 3 types of muscle and where they are found
(Grade E - D)
Outline the structural differences between each type of muscle
(Grade C –B)
Explain the structural differences according to function between all 3 muscle types
(Grade B – A) 23