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The Molecules of Cells Chapter Three.

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Presentation on theme: "The Molecules of Cells Chapter Three."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Molecules of Cells Chapter Three

2 Classes of Compounds Inorganic compounds Organic compounds
What do they contain? Examples? Organic compounds What do they contain? Examples? Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon

3 Characteristic chemical groups help determine the properties of organic compounds
Functional Groups: affect a molecules function by participating in chemical reactions in a characteristic way

4 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules
Monomers Polymers There are four classes of Biological macromolecules, three are polymers: Carbohydrates Lipids (not polymers) Proteins Nucleic Acids

5 Polymers Around Us

6 Making and Breaking Polymers
Dehydration (synthesis) reactions Hydrolysis The reverse of dehydration reactions

7

8 Carbohydrates Functions Sugars and starches
Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n] Three classes Monosaccharides- Disaccharides Polysaccharides Functions

9 (a) Monosaccharides Monomers of carbohydrates Example Hexose sugars Example Pentose sugars Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose

10 (b) Disaccharides Consist of two linked monosaccharides Example Sucrose, maltose, and lactose Glucose Fructose Glucose Glucose Galactose Glucose Sucrose Maltose Lactose

11

12 Lipids Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes P
Insoluble in water Several Classes of Lipids: Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids

13 Triglycerides Triglycerides—solid fats and liquid oils Composition
Main functions

14 Phospholipids Modified triglycerides composed of:
“Head” and “tail” regions have different properties Function

15 Steroids Composition Examples: Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts

16 Proteins Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Polymers of amino acids
All 20 amino acids have same basic structure Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (polypeptides)

17 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds

18 Natural Folding Denaturing

19 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Contain C, O, H, N, and P
Monomer= nucleotide

20 Sugar-phosphate backbone
Nucleotide Base pair Base pair Figure 3.16C DNA double helix. Sugar-phosphate backbone

21 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) Double-stranded, helical Replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity Provides instructions for protein synthesis

22 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) Uracil replaces thymine in RNA Single-stranded Mainly active outside of nucleus

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