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Changes of State Chapter 10 Section 4
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Review Summary- Physical States of Matter
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Vocabulary _________: any part of a system that has ___________composition and properties _____________: the process by which a _______changes to a _______ ________________: a dynamic condition in which two opposing changes occur at equal _________in a closed system
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More Information _________: a gas in contact with its liquid or solid phase
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Summary of State Changes See Table 2- p. 242
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Equilibrium Vapor Pressure of a Liquid
_________________________: the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature _________temperature = ________in kinetic energy = _____________in the number of molecules with enough energy to become a vapor = ______________in equilibrium vapor pressure
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At a Given Temperature Because all liquids have ____________ forces of ______________between their particles, every liquid has a specific equilibrium vapor pressure at a given ________________. __________forces = ________number of particles that can evaporate = ______ equilibrium vapor pressure
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Relative Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
______________: liquids that evaporate readily Volatile liquids have _________forces of attraction between their particles. Example: Ether, __________, gasoline, ___________ _________________: liquids that do not evaporate readily
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_________liquids have relatively _____ attractive forces between their particles
_________________________would be nonvolatile liquids because of the ______ attraction for positive ions and negative ions in the liquid phase.
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Boiling _______allows the conversion of a liquid to a ______within the _____as well as at its ___________. ___________: the temperature at which the ______________________of a liquid equals the _______________ Energy must be added ___________for a liquid to keep boiling
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Pressure and Boiling Point
If you __________the pressure, then the boiling point is _________. If you __________the pressure, then the boiling point is ________. At ____altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is _______and water boils at a ________ temperature, so it is recommended to bake at a higher temperature for less time. Some foods would require longer to cook.
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The ______________at the boiling point remains ________despite the continuous addition of ___________. The added energy is used to overcome the ______________forces between the particles in the liquid as it vaporizes. This energy is stored in the vapor as potential energy.
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Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization
_____________________________: the amount of energy as ______required to evaporate _______of a liquid at constant pressure and temperature Abbreviated as ________ This is actually a measure of the ______ of the attractive forces between particles Each liquid has a ______________molar enthalpy of vaporization
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Freezing ___________________: the temperature at which the solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm (101.3 kPa) Particles of the liquid and the solid have the _________average kinetic energy Energy ______during freezing is the loss of stored energy (potential)
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Melting ____________is the reverse of freezing.
It ocurs at a __________temperature. As a solid melts, it __________energy as heat. For pure crystalline solids, the melting point and the freezing point are the ________. At ____________, melting and freezing proceed at ________________.
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Molar Enthalpy of Fusion
_____________________: the amount of energy as _______required to melt ___ _____of solid at the solid’s melting point Abbreviated as ______ The energy ___________overcomes the __________forces and decreases particle order (dependent on the strength of the forces).
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Sublimation and Deposition
___________: the change of state from a ______directly to a ______ Examples: solid CO2 and iodine ____________: the change of state from a ______directly to a __________ Example: formation of frost on a cold surface
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Figure 17- p. 348 Blue Arrows = addition of energy to one phase to produce another Green Arrows = removal of energy from one phase to produce another
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Phase Diagrams ________________: a graph of ________ versus _______________that shows the conditions under which the ________of a substance exist ____________(of a substance): indicates the temperature and pressure conditions at which the ______, ______, and _____ states can coexist at equilibrium
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____________: of a substance, indicates the critical temperature and critical pressure
___________________: the temperature above which the substance cannot exist in the liquid state ______________: the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature
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