1. Flight Emergencies

2. Flight Emergencies
Distress – condition threatened by serious and/or imminent danger, requiring immediate assistance.
Includes fire, mechanical failure, structural damage
Urgency – safety concern, requires timely but not immediate assistance.
Doubtful about position, fuel endurance, weather or any other condition that could adversely affect the safety of flight
Overview of airspace:
The following are general descriptions and dimensions.
The markings are standardized but the size and shape of the airspace is varied according to the need for that particular area.
Airspace dimensions are as depicted on the current sectional, world and/or terminal charts.

3. Flight Emergencies Transponder: 7700 – distress or urgency condition
7500 – aircraft being highjacked
7600 – two-way communications radio failure.
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

4. Flight Emergencies Action to be taken:
VFR – continue the flight in VFR conditions and land as soon as possible.
IFR (comm out)
Route: Assigned, Expected, Filed
Altitude: Assigned, MEA, Expected
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

5. Flight Emergencies Clearance Limit Fix:
The clearance limit is a fix on an approach
Descend as close as possible to the EFC
Altitude: Assigned, MEA, Expected
The clearance limit is NOT a fix on an approach
Leave the fix at the EFC
If no EFC, start approach as close as possible at the ETA (filed/amended)
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

6. Flight Emergencies
Near Mid-Air: an occurrence possibility of collision; aircraft w/in 500 ft of each other
Minimum Fuel: advisory where a pilot cannot accept any undue delays
Safety Alert (ATC):
Aircraft’s altitude will put it in unsafe proximity to ground or an obstacle
Aircraft in unsafe proximity to another aircraft not in control of controller
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

7. Wake Turbulence Primary component is wing-tip vortices
Vortex is a by-product of lift
Most intense produced by heavy, slow with gear and flaps retracted
Can be altered by changing configuration
Slowly sink below flight path and dissipate by the time they descend 1,000 ft or normal rate of movement about 5 knots
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

8. Wake Turbulence Vortex flow Vortex moves 5 knots
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.
Vortex flow
Vortex moves 5 knots
Affected by crosswinds

9. Wake Turbulence Minimize affect: Takeoff behind large airplane:
Try to rotate prior to that airplane’s point of rotation
Climb out above and upwind side of airplane’s flight path
If behind landing aircraft, plan lift-off beyond the point where the airplane touched down
Landing behind large airplane:
Stay above flight path
Land beyond touchdown point of airplane
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

10. Flight Physiology

11. Flight Physiology
Alcohol has an adverse affect on reaction and judgement.
No one may serve as a crewmember on a civil aircraft:
Within 8 hours of alcohol consumption
While having blood alcohol level of 0.04% or higher (one beer can be detected for as long as 3 hours)
Prescribed/over the counter drugs can also seriously degrade pilot performance
Special Use Airspace:
Prohibited Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Restricted Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Warning Areas are denoted as a blue comb line.
Alert Areas are also denoted as a blue comb line.
Military operations areas (MOA) are denoted as a magenta comb line.

12. Flight Physiology Runway width illusion (Atmospheric Ht):
A narrower runway can create the illusion that the aircraft is higher than it really is
Cause a pilot to descend too low on approach
Cause a hard landing
A wider runway can create the illusion that the aircraft is lower than it really is
Cause a pilot to climb and longer landing distance
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

13. Flight Physiology Featureless terrain (Atmospheric Dist):
An absence of ground feature, as landing over water, darkened features, snow covered
Create the illusion that the aircraft is higher than it really is
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

14. Flight Physiology Autokinesis: Effective Scanning:
In the dark a static light will appear to move when stared at for a period of time
Effective Scanning:
2/3 to ¾ of a pilot’s time outside aircraft
Outside 15 seconds, inside 5 seconds
Most acute vision is off-center, peripheral
Slowly scan to allow off-center viewing
Hardest to see aircraft on the horizon
Biggest concern: target on the horizon with no lateral/vertical movement increasing in size
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

15. Flight Physiology Spatial Disorientation:
Occurs when body sensations are used to interpret flight attitudes without visual references to the horizon
Only reliable way to overcome is to rely on flight instruments
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

16. Flight Physiology The leans: Coriolos Illusion:
Abrupt correction of a banked angle can create the illusion of banking in opposite direction
Coriolos Illusion:
Abrupt head movement during constant rate turn can create the illusion of rotation in an entirely different axis
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

17. Flight Physiology Inversion Illusion: Somatogravic Illusion:
Abrupt change from climb to straight and level can create illusion of tumbling backwards
Somatogravic Illusion:
A rapid acceleration during takeoff can create illusion of being in a nose up attitude
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

18. Flight Physiology Hypoxia:
Caused by insufficient oxygen to the brain, similar to carbon monoxide poisoning
Loss of cabin pressurization decreases oxygen partial pressure
Symptoms include: dizziness, tingling of hands and legs/feet, loss of higher thought process and unconsciousness
Insidious, slowly degrades mental faculties
Effects: Impaired Judgment, confusion, blurred vision, dizziness, euphoria, anger
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

19. Flight Physiology Hypoxia: Time of Useful Consciousness
Altitude TUC
FL minutes
FL minutes
FL minutes
FL seconds
FL seconds
FL seconds
>FL seconds
Rapid Decompression – may reduce time of useful consciousness by 50%
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

20. Flight Physiology Hyperventilation:
Caused by reduction of carbon dioxide in the blood due to rapid breathing in stressful situations
Symptons similar to Hypoxia but recovery rapid once rate of breathing is brought under control
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

21. Crew Resource Management
The application of team management in the flight deck environment.
Refers to effective use of all available resources: human, hardware, information
Affected by cultural differences and should be addressed in training.
Three components: Initial indoctrination awareness, recurrent practices continual reinforcement.
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

22. Crew Resource Management
Error Management:
Error Prevention
Error detection
Recovery from error
Each crewmember must carefully monitor the aircraft’s flight path – SA
Automatic Decision-Making – reflexive type decision making
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.

23. ADM Aeronautical Decision Making relies on:
Situational Awareness
Problem recognition
Good judgment
Problem detection is the first step in decision making
Detection Error incorrectly detects the problem to begin with
Prohibited Areas:
There are established for national security.
No flight operations are allowed within them.