1. By Jake, Callum and Bruno
Revolutions. By
Jake, Callum and Bruno

2. Effect of Revolution in France.
The 1830 July days uprising in France led to Charles X being replaced by Louis Philippe who acted as a constitutional monarch.
The Italians saw this revolution as an opportunity to seek support from France in a similar revolution against Austrian powers.

3. Modena Revolution
Led by Enrico Misley, this revolution aimed for Italian freedom for Austria.
Francesco IV, the Duke of Modena, was initially interested in supporting Misley as he was promised help to become the King of Italy, however he refused due to his awareness of Austrian power.
When the revolution went ahead in February 1831, Francesco fled to Vienna However, he returned in March with an Austrian army to crush the revolutionaries.

4. Revolution in the Papal States
The Papal States had been untouched by the 1821 revolutions, however, there was a very oppressive rule from the Church and therefore there was lots of resentment toward the Church.
Napoleon III attempted revolution in Rome but epically failed.
There was another revolution led by the middle classes who fought for liberal reforms rather than a unified state.
Revolution raged in the Grand Duchies, consequently, Menotti urged uprising in the Papal States.
Napoleon III unsuccessfully attempted uprising in Rome.

5. The Revolutionaries.
Revolutionaries in the Papal States wished for liberal reform.
The leaders of this revolution were from the middle and artisan classes.
March 1831 a provisional government led by Giovanni Vicini was set up in Bologna, issued a constitution promising a reformed finance system, elected assembly and a fairer judicial system.
Not radical, but too much for the Austrians.

6. Further Revolutions.
March 1831, an Austrian army took Bologna with ease.
The revolutionaries surrendered to the papal forces and trusted Cardinal Benvenuti as he promised an amnesty for all who had taken up arms against Papal rule.
They were wrong to trust him as papal armies swept through the Marches attempting to halt further revolution.
During the Second Empire the French economy flourished, however Napoleon III was to be undone by the diplomacy of the Prussian Chancellor, Bismarck, who lured him into war in 1870.