1. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] 60% 70% 80% D) 90% 410 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
Find the percent of sand in the soil. [pause] In this problem, ---

2. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] 60% 70% 80% D) 90% 410 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
we have been provided with the results from a sieve analysis test, where ---

3. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] 60% 70% 80% D) 90% 410 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
the sieves are ordered from largest opening to smallest opening.

4. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] size range soil type4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
soil
size range
type
[mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
Assuming cobbles, boulders and larger rocks are not present, ---

5. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] size range soil type4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
soil
size range
type
[mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
We define gravel to be all particles whose smallest diameter is greater than 4.75 millimeters,

6. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] size range soil type4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
soil
size range
type
[mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
sand is defined as particles which range between millimeters and 4.75 millimeters, ---

7. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # mass retained [g] size range soil type4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
soil
size range
type
[mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
and fines are all particles smaller than millimeters. Next, we add ---

8. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
Mass retained [g] 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
column to show the sizes of each sieve.
soil type
size range [mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

9. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
Mass retained [g] 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
all the gravel will collect on the #4 sieve, ---
soil type
size range [mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

10. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
Mass retained [g] 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
and all the sand will pass by the #4 sieve, but won’t reach the pan.
soil type
size range [mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

11. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
Mass retained [g] 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
In other words, we can draw lines between the sieve sizes ---
soil type
size range [mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

12. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
Mass retained [g]
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
sand
and identify which soil types will be retained on each sieve.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

13. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
sand
Next, we sum the mass of the soil retained on all sieves, which is 850 grams.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

14. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
sand
After that, we compute the total mass of soil retained for each of the three soil types and compute their percentages.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

15. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
sand
For example, out of the 850 gram sample, 145 grams of that sample was gravel.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075

16. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
sand
On a percentage basis, ---
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
gravel mass retained =%
total mass retained

17. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
sand
145 grams is divided by 850 grams, and we have ---
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
gravel mass retained =%
total mass retained

18. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
17.1% gravel, in the sample.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
gravel mass retained =%
total mass retained

19. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
677 grams of that sample is sand.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
gravel mass retained =%
total mass retained

20. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
This computes to ---
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
sand mass retained =%
total mass retained

21. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
79.6% of the entire sample.
sand
fines
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
sand mass retained =%
total mass retained

22. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
And lastly, 28 grams of fine grain material results in, ---
sand
fines 28
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
sand mass retained =%
total mass retained

23. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
3.3% of the entire sample.
sand
3.3
fines 28
soil type
size range [mm]
850
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
fines mass retained =%
total mass retained

24. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
Since we’re looking for the percentage of sand in the soil,
sand
3.3
fines 28
soil type
size range [mm]
850
100.0
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
fines mass retained =%
total mass retained

25. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
we note that percentage is most nearly 79.6 percent.
sand
3.3
fines 28
soil type
size range [mm]
850
100.0
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
fines mass retained =%
total mass retained

26. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # 60% 70% 80% D) 90% Size [mm] 4 10 20
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
677
79.6
Upon reviewing the possible solutions,
sand
3.3
fines 28
soil type
size range [mm]
850
100.0
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
fines mass retained =%
total mass retained

27. Find: % of sand in soil AnswerC sieve # 60% 70% 80% D) 90% Size [mm]
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
677
79.6
AnswerC
the answer is C. [pause] This solution can also be determined if only a plot is provided in the problem statement. Let’s see how this data would plot.
sand
3.3
fines 28
soil type
size range [mm]
850
100.0
gravel
sand
fines
>4.75
<0.075
fines mass retained =%
total mass retained

28. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
Grain size distributions plot the
sand
3.3
fines 28
850
100.0

29. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
sieve size on the horizontal axis, on a logarithmic scale, ---
sand
3.3
fines 28
850
100.0

30. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
by the cumulative percentage of the mass passing each sieve on the vertical axis, using a linear scale. Which will now calculate.
sand
3.3
fines 28
850
100.0

31. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g]
total %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
17.1
sand
677
79.6
We first look at the mass retained on each individual sieve, ---
sand
3.3
fines 28
850
100.0

32. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g] %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
17.1
sand
79.6
and calculate the individual percentages ---
sand
3.3
fines
850
100.0

33. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
percent
retained
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g] %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
sand
by dividing by 850 grams.
sand
fines
850
100.0

34. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
percent
retained
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g] %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
sand
This last column shows us the percent mass of the soil sample retained on each sieve. Remember we’re trying to determine ---
sand
fines
850
100.0

35. Find: % of sand in soil sieve # Size [mm] 4 10 20 40 100 200 Pan 4.75
percent
retained
mass
sieve #
Size [mm]
retained [g] %
gravel 4 10 20 40
100
200
Pan
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
145
207
165
111
151 43 28
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
sand
the cumulative percentage of the soil passing each sieve. So let’s start a new table, and copy over the two columns in red, the size and the percent retained.
sand
fines
850
100.0

36. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
percent
size [mm]
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
sand
---
sand
fines

37. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
sand
A cumulative percent retained column is added to sum the percent retained from each sieve, including the percent retained for all larger sieves.
sand
fines

38. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained Σ
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
sand
For the largest size sieve, the cumulative percent retained equals the percent retained for that sieve alone.
sand
fines

39. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.5 Σ
sand
But for the #10 sieve, the cumulative percent retained is the 24.3% from the the #10 sieve, plus the 17.1% from the #4 sieve above it.
sand
fines

40. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
sand Σ
This process continues ---
sand
fines

41. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
sand Σ
as the cumulative ---
sand
fines

42. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
sand Σ
percent retained value ---
sand
fines

43. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
sand
approaches 100%. Σ
sand
fines

44. Σ Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
sand
---
sand Σ
fines

45. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
sand
Next we add a column ---
sand
fines

46. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
sand
for the cumulative percent of mass passing each sieve.
sand
fines

47. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
sand
Which is simply 100% minus the cumulative percent of mass retained on each sieve.
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

48. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
sand
For our first sieve, the cumulative percent retained is 17.1%, ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

49. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
sand
So the cumulative percent passing is 82.9 percent.
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

50. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
sand
This calculation is repeated ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

51. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
sand
for the remaining sieves.
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

52. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
sand
---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

53. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
sand
---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

54. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
sand
---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

55. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

56. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
We preserve the data we need for the plot, ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

57. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent
percent
percent
size [mm]
retained
passing
retained
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
17.1
24.3
19.3
13.1
17.8
5.1
3.3
17.1
41.4
60.7
73.8
91.6
96.7
100.0
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
namely, ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

58. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
percent
size [mm]
passing
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
the sieve size, ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

59. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
and cumulative percent passing.
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

60. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
100%
sand
80%
% passing
60%
40%
The semi-log plot is set and we plot our points for the ---
20%
sand 0%
fines 10 1
0.1
0.01
cumulative
cumulative
size[mm]
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

61. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
#4 sieve,
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

62. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
the #10 sieve
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

63. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
the #20 sieve
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

64. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
the #40 sieve
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

65. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
the #100 sieve
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

66. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
and the #200 sieve.
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

67. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

68. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
A line is drawn to connect the data points.
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

69. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
The original questions asks to find the percent of sand in the soil, so we divide the plot into the 3 identified soil types ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
passing
retained

70. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
by identifying the boundary between the gravel and sand, at 4.75 millimeters, ---
sand
fines
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained

71. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
and the boundary between sand and fines, at millimeters.
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained

72. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
sand
Sketching up to the line, and then over to the cumulative percent passing axis, ---
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained

73. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
17.1% (gravel)
sand
we identify the gravel is 17.1 % of the entire sample, ---
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained

74. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
17.1% (gravel)
sand
79.6% (sand)
sand is 79.6 % of the entire sample, ---
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained

75. Find: % of sand in soil size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85 0.425 0.150 0.075
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
17.1% (gravel)
sand
79.6% (sand)
and fines is 3.3% of the entire sample.
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained
3.3% (fines)

76. Find: % of sand in soil 60% 70% 80% D) 90% size [mm] 4.75 2.00 0.85
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
17.1% (gravel)
sand
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
79.6% (sand)
Returning to the possible solutions, ---
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained
3.3% (fines)

77. Find: % of sand in soil AnswerC 60% 70% 80% D) 90% size [mm] 4.75
cumulative
size [mm]
% passing
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
gravel
4.75
2.00
0.85
0.425
0.150
0.075
0.000
82.9
58.6
39.3
26.2
8.4
3.3
0.0
17.1% (gravel)
sand
60%
70%
80%
D) 90%
79.6% (sand)
the answer is C.
sand
fines
0.075
cumulative
cumulative
percent =100%-
percent
4.75
passing
retained
3.3% (fines)

79. ( ) ? τ [lb/ft2] γclay=53.1[lb/ft3] Index σ’v = Σ φ γ Δ d ˚ H*C σfinal
Find: σ’v ρc d = 30 feet
(1+wc)*γw
wc+(1/SG)
σ’v = Σ φ γ Δ d ˚ d
Sand
10 ft
γT=100 [lb/ft3]
100 [lb/ft3]
φ=α1-α2
10 [ft]
20 ft
Clay
= γsand dsand
+γclay dclay A W S
V [ft3]
W [lb]
40 ft
text
wc = 37% ? Δh
20 [ft]
τ [lb/ft2]
(5 [cm])2 * π/4
( )
H*C σfinal
ρcn=
1+e σinitial
log ‘ φ
size[mm]
% passing 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% 10 1
0.1
0.01
c=0
400
1,400 σ3
Sand σ1