1. Preparing Solutions & Colligative Properties

2. Preparing Solutions

4. Solid—Liquid

5. Example
How many grams of calcium chloride would be dissolved in 2.5L of a 0.10 M aqueous calcium chloride solution?
How many grams of sodium hydroxide are in 2.5 L of a 4.0M sodium hydroxide solution?
How many grams of sodium hydroxide are in 350 mL of a 2.3M solution?

6. Liquid—Liquid = = Dilution MiVi MfVf Dilution Moles of solute
Add Solvent
Moles of solute
before dilution (i)
after dilution (f) =
MiVi
MfVf =

8. Example
What volume, in milliliters, of a 2.00M calcium chloride stock solution would you use to make 0.50L of a 0.300M calcium chloride solution?
What volume in milliliters of a 12.0M hydrochloric acid solution would you use to make 2.50L of a 2.00M hydrochloric acid solution?

9. Colligative Properties
Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point increasing
Freezing point lowering

11. Resulting Freezing Point
Effect of Concentration
Solute Added to Water
Resulting Freezing Point
Just water
0°C
1 mol sugar
−1.86°C
1 mol NaCl
−3.72°C
1 mol CaCl2
−5.78°C