1. Linear Programming
Introduction

2. What is Linear Programming?
A Linear Programming model seeks to maximize or minimize a linear function, subject to a set of linear constraints.

3. What are linear functions?
y = mx+b is the equation of a straight line
e.g. y = -4/3 x +6
Multiplying by 3 and rearranging: 4x + 3y = 18
Linear function in 2 variables
A linear function consists of the sum of positive, negative
or 0 constants times variables; e.g.
5X1 - 4X2 + 0X3 + 6X4 is a linear function in 4 variables.
No X12, X1/X2, e-X2,X1, etc.

4. What are Linear Constraints?
Linear constraints have the form:
<Linear Function> <has some relation to> <a constant>
The relation is one of the following:
, = ,  ---- they all contain the “equal to” part
Examples:
4X1 + 5X2 - 6X X5  34
2X1 - 5X X  47
- 2X2 + 8X3 + 9X4 + 2X5 = 67
X  0
X5  0

5. Example of a Linear Program
MAX 4X X3 - 6X4
s.t. 2X1 + 3X X4 = 20
- 2X2 + 9X3 + 7X4  10
-2X1 + 3X2 + 4X3 + 8X4  35
X  5
All X’s  0
Subject to
X1  0, X2  0, X3  0, X4  0

6. Another Example MIN 6X1 + 8X2 + 11X3 + 10X4 + 5X5 + 14X6
S.T. X X X  20
X4 + X X6  30
X X = 12
X X = 15
X X6 = 22
All X’s  0

7. Components of a Linear Programming Model
A linear programming model consists of:
A set of decision variables
A (linear) objective function
A set of (linear) constraints

8. Why are Linear Programs Important?
Many real world problems lend themselves to linear programming modeling.
Other real world problems can be approximated by linear models.
There are well-known successful applications in:
Manufacturing, Marketing, Finance (investment), Advertising, Agriculture, Energy, etc.
There are efficient solution techniques and software programs that solve linear programming models.
The output generated from linear programming packages provides useful “what if” analysis.

9. Linear Programming Assumptions
The parameter values are known with certainty.
The objective function and constraints exhibit constant returns to scale.
There are no interactions between the decision variables (additivity assumption).
Continuity of the decision variables means they can take on any value within a given feasible range.
Integer programming models can only take on integer values within a given feasible range.

10. Example Galaxy Industries manufactures two toy gun models:
Space Rays: Each dozen nets an $8 profit and
Requires 2 lbs. of plastic; 3 minutes of production time
Zappers: Each dozen nets a $5 profit and
Requires 1 lb. of plastic; 4 minutes of production time
Weekly resource limits
1000 pounds of plastic; 40 hours of production time
Weekly production limits
Maximum 700 dozen total units
Space Rays cannot exceed Zappers by more than 350 dozen

11. Current Production This is a good solution – Can we do better?
Current reasoning calls for a production plan that:
Produces as much as possible of the more profitable product, Space Ray ($8 profit per dozen).
Uses any left over resources to produce Zappers ($5 profit per dozen), while remaining within the marketing guidelines of 700 total dozen produced and Space Rays – Zappers ≤ 350.
Using a simple spreadsheet, letting the (cell for production of Zappers) = (cell for production of Space Rays – 350), trial and error gives the following good solution that uses all the available weekly plastic:
Space Rays = 450 dozen; Zappers = 100 dozen;
Profit = 8(450) + 5(100) = $4100
This is a good solution – Can we do better?

12. The Mathematical Model
Recall a mathematical model consists of:
Set of decision variables
Objective function
Constraints
Decision Variables
(Include both a measurement unit (dozens) and a time unit (week))
X1 = dozens of Space Rays produced weekly
X2 = dozens of Zappers produced weekly

13. 2. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION MAX 8X1 + 5X2
Objective is to maximize the total weekly profit.
How much profit will be made each week?
How much profit will
be made weekly from
Space Rays?
How much profit will
be made weekly from
Zappers?
$8 per dozen
$5 per dozen
Make X1 dozen
Space Rays per week
Make X2 dozen
Zappers per week
8X1 +
5X2
MAX 8X1 + 5X2

14. 3. Constraints -- PLASTIC
At most 1000 pounds of plastic available weekly.
How much will be used?
How much plastic will
be used weekly making
Space Rays?
How much plastic will
be used weekly making
Zappers?
2 lbs per dozen
1 lb per dozen
Make X1 dozen
Space Rays per week
Make X2 dozen
Zappers per week
2X1 +
1X2
2X1 + 1X2  1000

15. Constraints -- Production Time
At most 40 hours = 40x60 = 2400 minutes available weekly. How much will be used?
How many minutes will
be used weekly making
Space Rays?
How many minutes will
be used weekly making
Zappers?
3 min per dozen
4 min per dozen
Make X1 dozen
Space Rays per week
Make X2 dozen
Zappers per week
3X1 +
4X2
3X1 + 4X2  2400

16. Constraints -- Max Production
At most 700 dozen total units can be produced weekly. How many will be produced?
How many dozen
Space Rays are
produced weekly?
How many dozen
Zappers are
Produced weekly?
Make X1 dozen
Space Rays per week
Make X2 dozen
Zappers per week X1 + X2
X1 + X2  700

17. Constraints -- Product Mix
Space Rays can be at most 350 dozen units greater than Zappers each week. How many more dozen units of Space Rays will be produced weekly?
How many dozen
Space Rays are
produced weekly?
How many dozen
Zappers are
Produced weekly?
Make X1 dozen
Space Rays per week
Make X2 dozen
Zappers per week X1 - X2
Amount (in dozens) Space Rays exceed Zappers
X1 - X2  350

18. Constraints -- Nonnegativity
Cannot produce a negative amount of Space Rays or Zappers
X1  0
X2  0 or
All X’s  0

19. The Complete Galaxy Industries Linear Programming Model
MAX 8X1 + 5X2
s.t. 2X1 + 1X2 ≤ (Plastic)
3X1 + 4X2 ≤ (Prod. Time)
X X2 ≤ (Total Prod.)
X X2 ≤ (Mix)
All X’s ≥ 0

20. Review
A linear program seeks to maximize or minimize a linear objective subject to linear constraints.
Many problems are or can be approximated by linear programming models.
Linear programs possess the features of:
Certainty, Constant Returns to Scale, Additivity and Continuity
There exists efficient algorithms for solving linear programs that provide many sensitivity analyses as a by-product.