1. A2 Unit 5 – Hazards Option

2. Hazards and responses: RISK?
“The exposure of people to a hazardous event” Why do people place themselves at risk from hazards?
Unpredictability
Lack of alternatives (economic, lack of land)
Changing dangers (vary spatially / time, e.g. coasts)
Optimistic outlook (accept them as part of life)
Costs vs Benefits (e.g. California)

4. Vulnerability Vulnerability to hazards has 3 aspects:
Peoples preparedness
Resilience
Health (relating to social, economic and political factors)
Distinctions can be made between MEDC and LEDC

5. Hazard Perception
We receive, filter and distort information as part of human perception. Past experience and values is important factor.
ACCEPTANCE
ADAPTION
DOMINATION

6. Hazard Perception

7. How might the perceptions of scientists differ from those of the general public?
Why is the perception of the decision makers in government so important?

8. Hazard Response Prevent or modify the event? Prediction and warning.

9. Careful Planning?

10. Decision….Modify the event, modify human vulnerability or modify loss?
Technological fix and environmental control (mainly with flooding, cloud seeding has had little success)
Hazard-resistant design – building design and engineered defences.
Change human attitude and behaviour towards hazards

11. Prediction and Warning
This will reduce the impact
Needs a good understanding of geophysical processes
What technology is available? (also MEDC/LEDC?)
Predictions will not stop event – but will provide warnings so they can prepare and evacuate
Insurance companies spend large amounts trying to predict. Why?
Community must have an understanding of procedures.

12. Warning is a message that informs about risk.
Needs adequate monitoring and evaluation of data and dissemination via radio, TV, police.
Community must have an understanding of procedures.

13. Share the Losses?
Aid
To what extent should this be given to countries who have failed to adequately prepare?
Insurance
A key strategy in MEDCs. (spread the cost)
Can encourage individuals to take preventative measures.

14. Tropical Cyclones

18. Extension Work Defining and Classifying Hazards
P.4-5 Hazards and Responses (2nd ed)
Hazards Impacts on Human Systems
P.11 Hazards and Responses (2nd ed)