1. Local anaesthetic-induced myotoxicity in regional anaesthesia: a systematic review and empirical analysis 
N. Hussain, C.J.L. McCartney, J.M. Neal, J. Chippor, L. Banfield, F.W. Abdallah 
British Journal of Anaesthesia 
Volume 121, Issue 4, Pages (October 2018)
DOI: /j.bja
Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram depicting the flow of information through the various phases of this systematic review.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /j.bja )
Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Adapted illustration from Neal and colleagues (2013),44 which describes myotoxicity at a cellular level. When myocytes are exposed to local anaesthetic (LA), cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) concentrations increase as a result of the direct action on the sarcoplasmic reticulum or the ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ reuptake reduces cellular energy production [conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)]. LAs may also suppress clearance of cytoplasmic Ca2+ at the sarcoplasmic–endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and at the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA).
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /j.bja )
Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions