1. Reconstruction

2. Problems at the End of the War
Physical devastation in the South
Refugee crisis in the South
Battered Southern economy
Bitterness and anger between North and South

5. Goals of Reconstruction:
Bring the South back into the Union
Participation in the government
Representation in Congress
Heal the rift between the North and South
Rebuild the South, physically and economically
Ensure justice for newly freed African Americans

6. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
1/10th of a southern state’s voters swear a loyalty oath to the Union
Generous amnesty policy
New state constitutions had to ban slavery
States had to provide public education to African Americans

8. John Wilkes Booth

9. President Andrew Johnson
Southerner (from Tennessee)
Opposed rights for African Americans
Preferred to take it easy on the South

10. Johnson’s Plan
Amnesty for men who would take an oath of loyalty to the Constitution
Restored property (except slaves) to most Southerners
Confederate war debts could not be collected
States had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment

12. Black Codes Trying to re-instate slavery
Didn’t allow African Americans to…
Serve on juries
Vote
Carry weapons without a license
Hold public office
Own land
Travel without a permit
Be out after curfew
Meet without a white person present

13. Black Codes (cont.)
Required a former slave to buy a license to work
Authorities could arrest and fine unemployed African Americans
Allowed an employer to pay the fine of an unemployed person in exchange for the person’s labor

14. Congressional Reconstruction

15. Congressional Reconstruction
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens – leader
Promoted radical land reform in the South
Promoted rights for African Americans
Tried to impeach President Johnson
Passed several amendments to the Constitution
13th – Abolished slavery
14th – Guaranteed the rights of citizens to African Americans
15th – Guaranteed African American men the right to vote
Banned black codes

16. Congressional Reconstruction
The Freedmen’s Bureau
Promoted education for freed African Americans
Provided aid for southern refugees of all races
Disliked by many Southern leaders (and President Johnson)
Military Districts
Governed until the transition to new state governments
Very irritating to white Southerners

17. White Southern Resistance
Violence against African Americans
Ku Klux Klan
Many informal vigilante groups
Violence against Republicans of both races
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
“Redeemers”
Southern whites who believed they were saving the South

18. Ulysses S. Grant 1869 – became President
Supported military occupation in the South
A slap in the face to Southerners

19. “The Political Army of Salvation

20. The Compromise of 1877 Ended Reconstruction
Because of the election of 1876
Samuel Tilden (D) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
Compromise:
Hayes becomes President
Hayes promises to remove all federal soldiers from the South

24. At the End of Reconstruction…
Ex-Confederates were back in control of Southern governments
The South’s economy was still primarily based on cotton/agriculture
The South’s economy was still very sluggish
Black people were consistently denied the rights of citizens

25. Reconstruction was obviously not finished….
…so why did it end??