1. Discussion Techniques
Socratic Seminar
Discussion Techniques

2. Purposes: Method for discussing literature.
To practice student-based speech.
To investigate and think critically about complex issues.

3. What is a Socratic Seminar?
A Socratic Seminar is a method to try to understand information by creating a dialectic in class in regards to a specific text. In a Socratic Seminar, participants seek deeper understanding of complex ideas in the text through rigorously thoughtful dialogue, rather than by memorizing bits of information.

4. What does Socratic mean?
        Socratic comes from the name Socrates.  Socrates (ca B.C.) was a  Classical Greek philosopher who developed a theory of Knowledge.

5. What was Socrates’ theory of Knowledge?
        Socrates was convinced that the surest way to attain reliable knowledge was through the practice of disciplined conversation.  He called this method dialectic.

6. What does dialectic mean?
di-a-lec-tic (noun) means the art or practice of examining opinions or ideas logically, often by the method of question and answer, so as to determine their validity.

7. The Question:
A Socratic Seminar opens with a question either posed by the facilitator or solicited from participants as they acquire more experience in seminars.
An opening question has no right answer, instead it reflects a genuine curiosity on the part of the questioner. A good opening question leads participants back to the text as they speculate, evaluate, define, and clarify the issues involved.
Responses to the opening question generate new questions from the leader and participants, leading to new responses.
In this way, the line of inquiry in a Socratic Seminar evolves on the spot rather than being pre-determined by the leader.

8. The Facilitator:
In a Socratic Seminar, the facilitator plays a dual role as a discussion leader.
Direct and lead group to a thoughtful exploration of the text
Able to balance the discussion. (All participate, no one dominates)
Knows the text extremely well
The leader must also be patient enough to allow participants' understandings to evolve and be willing to help participants explore non-traditional insights and unexpected interpretations.

9. The Participants:
Carry the burden of responsibility for the quality of the seminar.
Good seminars occur when participants study the text closely in advance, listen actively, share their ideas and questions in response to the ideas and questions of others, and search for evidence in the text to support their ideas. 
Eventually, when participants realize that the leader is not looking for right answers but is encouraging them to think out loud and to exchange ideas openly, they can then begin exploring important issues through shared inquiry.

10. Guidelines for Participants in a Socratic Seminar
Participate
Follow the facilitator’s directions
Discuss, do not debate
Be courteous—NO PUTDOWNS
Use each other’s names when asking/responding/commenting
Respect different thoughts and ideas
Focus on the goal: the pursuit of deeper understanding
Do not interrupt another classmate (results in loss of points)
No side conversations (results in loss of points)

11. What is the difference between dialogue and debate?
Collaborative: multiple sides work toward shared understanding.
Oppositional: two opposing sides try to prove each other wrong.
Listens to understand, to make meaning, and to find common ground.
Listens to find flaws, to spot differences, and to counter arguments.
enlarges and possibly changes a participant's point of view.
Defends assumptions as truth.
Open-minded attitude
Closed-minded attitude
Submits one's best thinking, expecting that other people's reflections will help improve it rather than threaten it.
Submits one's best thinking and defends it against challenge to show that it is right.

12. Levels of Questioning Level One= Recall (text-level)
What happened? Who did that?
How did Jeanette’s brother feel about Rex Walls?
Level Two= Interpretation (Inference based on the text)
Why was Jeannette Walls able to laugh after being knocked out of the car (31)? What kind of psychology allowed for this?
Level Three= Application (If text-based, but extends beyond the world of the text)
Mary Walls believes that children should learn through fending for themselves. What would happen if we, as a society, adopted that view. Who is ultimately responsible for a child’s learning? Is it the child alone, or parents, school, or other social institutions?