4. anywhere and everywhere. omnipresent

6. A sensor network is an infrastructure comprised of sensing (measuring), computing, and communication elements that gives an administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and react to events and phenomena in a specified environment The environment can be the physical world, a biological system, or an information technology (IT) framework.. A sensor network is an infrastructure comprised of sensing (measuring), computing, and communication elements that gives an administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and react to events and phenomena in a specified environment The environment can be the physical world, a biological system, or an information technology (IT) framework.. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

7. Low-power processor. Limited processing. Memory. Limited storage. Radio. Low-power. Low data rate. Limited range. Sensors. sensors: temperature, light, etc. Cameras, microphones. Power. Low-power processor. Limited processing. Memory. Limited storage. Radio. Low-power. Low data rate. Limited range. Sensors. sensors: temperature, light, etc. Cameras, microphones. Power. Sensors Processor Radio Storage POWERPOWER POWERPOWER WSN device schematics

8. Sensor networking is a multidisciplinary area that involves, among others, radio and networking, signal processing, artificial intelligence, database management, systems architectures for operator-friendly infrastructure administration, resource optimization, power management algorithms, and platform technology (hardware and software, such as operating systems) Sensor networking is a multidisciplinary area that involves, among others, radio and networking, signal processing, artificial intelligence, database management, systems architectures for operator-friendly infrastructure administration, resource optimization, power management algorithms, and platform technology (hardware and software, such as operating systems)

9. Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Created by the ZigBee Alliance Named for erratic, zig-zagging patterns of bees between flowers Symbolizes communication between nodes in a mesh network Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Created by the ZigBee Alliance Named for erratic, zig-zagging patterns of bees between flowers Symbolizes communication between nodes in a mesh network

10. ENGINEERING DESIGN RESEARCH CHALLENGES

11. Engineering Challenges Identification of several simultaneous events & reliable correlation of information from neighboring nodes Classification of objects & events Improved integration of different sensor types Miniaturization & better robustness of sensors Common formats & standards for sensor data communication Engineering Challenges Identification of several simultaneous events & reliable correlation of information from neighboring nodes Classification of objects & events Improved integration of different sensor types Miniaturization & better robustness of sensors Common formats & standards for sensor data communication

12. Network should be scalable Flexible and hierarchical architectures should accommodate the requirements of both heterogeneous and homogeneous infrastructure flat single-tier network of homogeneous sensor nodes Multi-tier heterogeneous approaches (clustering/partitioning) resource-constrained low-power elements are in charge of performing simpler tasks, such as detecting scalar physical measurements resource-rich high-power devices (such as gateways) perform more complex tasks

13. Heterogeneity. Devices with varied capabilities. Different sensor modalities. Hierarchical deployments. Adaptability. Adjust to operating conditions and changes in application requirements. Security and privacy. Potentially sensitive information. Hostile environments. Heterogeneity. Devices with varied capabilities. Different sensor modalities. Hierarchical deployments. Adaptability. Adjust to operating conditions and changes in application requirements. Security and privacy. Potentially sensitive information. Hostile environments.

14. 2012 Research Challenges Increase WSN usability, flexibility & security Security: reputation approaches Endurance: energy harvesting, efficiency Coverage & connectivity improvement: sensing & communication range (yet covert, small EM emission) Information processing, fusion & knowledge: related to coverage for reliable correlation of info across space & time to perform data mining, knowledge engineering Optimum communications schemes Optimum protocols Optimum Hierarchical deployments. 2012 Research Challenges Increase WSN usability, flexibility & security Security: reputation approaches Endurance: energy harvesting, efficiency Coverage & connectivity improvement: sensing & communication range (yet covert, small EM emission) Information processing, fusion & knowledge: related to coverage for reliable correlation of info across space & time to perform data mining, knowledge engineering Optimum communications schemes Optimum protocols Optimum Hierarchical deployments.