1. THE SECOND REFORM ACT AND HOUSEHOLD SUFFRAGE, 1848-1867

2. LORD JOHN RUSSELL European Revolutions, 1848
Exclusion of the working class
Protectionist Revival,

7. REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE

8. US CIVIL WAR,

9. PALMERSTON,
‘Death has laid low the most towering antlers in the forest’
Gladstone (1865)

10. ROBERT LOWE AND THE ADULLAMITES
‘If you want ignorance, if you want venality, if you want drunkenness and facility for being intimidated, where do you look for them in the constituencies? Do you go to the top, or to the bottom?’

11. LOWE V GLADSTONE

12. GLADSTONE
‘You cannot fight the future. Time is on our side. The great social forces which move onwards in their might and majesty, and which the tumult of our debates does not for a moment impede or disturb – those great social forces are against you; … and the banner which we now carry in this fight, though perhaps at some moment it may droop over our sinking heads, yet it soon again will float in the eye of heaven, and it will be borne by the firm hands of the united people of the three kingdoms, perhaps not to an easy, but to a certain and to a not distant victory’