1. Seasons, capacity and funding
This session will look at the impacts on response of climatic seasons, available human capacity and funding cycles
Vietnam, 2000

2. Session objectives !
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation
capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time
funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

3. Session objectives !
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation
capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time
funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

4. Aim: seasons
To ensure that the impact of seasons upon the affected populations as well as shelter and construction activities are foreseen and taken into account

5. Seasons: factors to consider
Affected populations and operations are particularly
vulnerable to seasonal weather extremes
Seasonal factors to consider include:
cyclones - can prevent building work and
damage transitional settlements
cold winters - populations may need additional NFIs to improve thermal comfort and snow can prevent access to remote areas
hot summers - may limit access to water for construction
rainy seasons and monsoons - can slow on-site construction works and flooding may prevent access to remote locations

6. Seasons: scheduling of construction
Indonesia, 2005
Each region has its own construction seasons, for example between monsoons or winters
good construction seasons
year 1
year 2
year 3
year 4
need
disaster
time
Shelter NFIs
for transitional
settlement
Shelter NFIs
for reconstruction

7. Seasons: impact on affected populations
Seasons impact on affected populations in a number of ways including the following:
the types of hazards people face – eg, floods and storms
the performance required of buildings and settlements
accessibility of sites, including the transport of materials
the type of materials available – eg, straw for thatch
construction techniques that can be undertaken – eg, mud bricks cannot be made in the rainy season as they will not dry
the availability of local labour – eg, in farming communities the harvest will take priority over building projects

8. Session objectives !
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation
capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time
funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

9. Aim: capacity
To ensure that sufficient and appropriate capacity is available to undertake the transitional settlement and reconstruction needed for each phase of response

10. Capacity: affected population
The affected population’s capacity for construction is initially small as they are occupied with survival. They later have a large capacity which will slowly decrease as livelihoods are resumed
Capacity of the affected population
need
capacity interrupted by harvests
Shelter NFIs
for transitional
settlement
Shelter NFI’s
for reconstruction
disaster
time
capacity matches
demand
survival, search and rescue reduce capacity from construction

11. Capacity: construction industry
The capacity of the local construction industry initially decreases and then increases as services, utilities and material supplies are re-established
Capacity of available construction industry
need
Capacity will increase
to meet demand
Shelter NFI’s
for transitional
settlement
Shelter NFI’s
for reconstruction
disaster
time
capacity decrease caused by:
disruption to access and utilities
disruption to material supply
disruption to workforce
capacity matches
demand

12. Capacity: government
Government capacity for planning and regulating construction will increase with the establishment of a task force and will then decrease over time in line with need
Government capacity for planning and regulating construction
need
Shelter NFI’s
for transitional
settlement
Shelter NFI’s
for reconstruction
disaster
time
creation of
task force
handover to line ministries

13. Capacity: international community
Humanitarian community capacity will have an initial peak for Search And Rescue (SAR)
This is followed by emergency response and then the larger, longer term, main agency capacity
Main international community response
need
assessment and emergency response
Shelter NFI’s
for transitional
settlement
Shelter NFI’s
for transitional reconstruction
disaster
time
Search And Rescue (SAR)

14. Capacity: Owner and contactor driven
‘Owner driven’ reconstruction is where the eventual owners and occupiers of buildings:
- remain in control of the type and implementation of works undertaken
- are supported in managing external inputs of labour and materials as resources
‘Owner driven’ is not the same as ‘self-help’ or community labour

15. Capacity: Owner and contactor driven
‘Contractor driven’ reconstruction is perceived as negative when contracts awarded do not involve and represent beneficiaries
The following points may be useful in clarifying for non-specialists that owner driven reconstruction may involve contractors:
the affected population may have insufficient capacity or skill
vulnerable individuals and groups may require assistance
contractors may be able to better implement hazard mitigation measures, such as seismic resistant construction
most vernacular building involves paid labour for some activities
a sustainable change is required in the construction industry in order that populations may better manage risk

16. Session objectives
176 !
The key learning objectives of this session are to form an
understanding of:
seasons: the ways in which seasonal variations affect planning and implementation
capacity: how capacity for construction varies between stakeholders over time
funding: the ways in which funding varies over time and between different funding bodies

17. Aim: funding
To take into account the effect of funding cycles on constructional requirements and allowing effective project management.
To ensure equitable support is provided to all effected groups regardless of:
vulnerability or prejudice
geographic origin
if they are displaced or non-displaced
if they are land owners, tenants or without land rights

18. Funding: cycles
Post-disaster funding comes from a number of different sources, each with their own cycles and response patterns
International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
emergency contingency funds
amount
Government funds
bilateral donations to agencies
Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)
public appeals
disaster
time

19. Funding: cycles seasons capacity funding
It is very rare for construction seasons to coincide with operational requirements and funding cycles
Mapping each cycle enables forward planning and critical path analysis
year 3
year 4
year 2
year 1
seasons
funding
capacity

20. Discussion Each group will have 10 minutes: seasons, capacities
in groups
Each group will have 10 minutes:
Group 1: seasons and construction
Group 2: government capacity
Group 3: construction capacity
Group 4: humanitarian capacity
Group 5: funding capacity
Each group will consider:
Which general points were not discussed?
What mitigation measures exist?
seasons, capacities
A. general points
B. mitigation measures
Each group agrees a key point
Key point