1. What are the phases of learning?
How might a learner’s needs change as they move through the phases of learning?
Resilience
Coaching

2. Introduction Cognitive Associative Autonomous
The psychologists Fitts and Posner suggested that learners pass through three distinct stages as their skills develop
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

3. Cognitive Phase
Experienced by a beginner trying to understand what is required to perform a new movement
May watch a demonstration and then try to replicate the skill with uncoordinated movements
Short phase involving trial and error
Performer relies heavily on external feedback and closed loop control
Coach may use manual/mechanical guidance
Closed Loop Control
Terminal feedback (after activity) is used to help control the next movement
Performance
Feedback
Refinement

4. Associative Phase Social comparison stage
Comparing yourself to the perfect model (elite performer)
Long periods of practice and the use of feedback to correct errors will be needed.
Player begins to develop a mental picture of how skill should look…
Parts of the skill are coded into sub-routines and ultimately a motor programme
Trial and error may be used to fine-tune performance
Feedback can now be internal- player has idea of perfect model
Verbal and visual guidance more important from coach

5. Autonomous Phase
Movements are perfected to the point of being automatic…
Performer is able to concentrate on finer details of the skill
Professional footballer can concentrate on the weight of a pass rather than how to carry out the movement
Maximum efficiency in performance
Motor programmes are firmly stored in long term memory
Any type of feedback can be used
Guidance tends to be verbal (saves time)