1. Motivation- Basic Concepts
Unit VIII Motivation and Emotion

2. Instincts
________ are complex behaviors that have ______ patterns throughout the species and are not _______ (Tinbergen, 1951)
Must be performed __________ in the same way as ____ members of a species in relation to a certain stimulus.

3. DO humans have instincts?
During the height of the Instinct Theory craze a meta-analysis found ______ ‘instincts’
This theory fell out of favor in psychology
Most human behaviors are ________
Human behavior is rarely _______ and found throughout the species
Humans have _________ but not instincts
However, we may be __________ to act certain ways

4. Needs vs. drives
A _______ is a requirement that ______ to be fulfilled.
You need to breathe, drink water, and eat food.
You need security.
You need _______.
You need (want) money (lots of it)
A need creates a state of ______ called a _____.
Drive keeps us _______ and working to fulfill the need.
If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property) we keep working to fulfill this need.
Needs can be biological, _______, and social.

5. Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
_________ drive based on a ___________ state found in all animals.
Motivate behavior necessary for survival.
________________
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
_____________ psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproducing)

6. Homeostasis
________ explains why we ______ fulfilling biological drives.
Is the ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal ________ or balance.
A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when _______ of a drive has been ___________ or eliminated.

7. Secondary Drives- not biologically dictated
Wealth
____________
Fame

8. Operant Conditioning Go to work Come home at curfew
You do things to get ________ and to avoid __________
Go to work
Come home
at curfew

9. Operant conditioning factors
__________- environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a __________.
When a _________ creates goal-directed behavior- you do it to get a reward.
Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

10. Two general types of rewards
__________- from the action itself or from ________
_________- for something ______

11. Intrinsic motivators
Refers to ________ that comes from ______ an individual rather than from any ______ or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
It is ____________ than external motivation.

12. Extrinsic motivators
Refers to __________ that comes from _________ or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

14. Over justification effect
Where promising a _______ for doing something we already ______ to do results in us seeing the reward as the ____________ for performing the task.
When the reward is taken away, the behavior is likely to _____________.

15. We need contact Harry Harlow and the orphaned monkeys
Surrogate Mother 1- _______, food and warmth.
Surrogate Mother 2- _________, warmth but no food.

16. Application of Harlow’s research

17. Aggression
_________ that is intended to inflict _______ or ____________ harm on others.
Freud saw it as an _______ drive (__________) that builds up until released.
Society helps channel release into acceptable outlets:
________
Debates
Video games
_______ can increase aggression.
Eros- life instinct- sexuality

18. Cultural Differences in Aggression

19. Cultural differences in aggression

20. Gender Differences: aggression

21. Gender differences in aggression

22. Why? _______________? ________ influences?
Can be associated with _________ and _________
Would explain how this pattern is seen throughout cultures
________ influences?

23. Jackson Katz: Violence against women- it’s a mans issue

24. Achievement ________ orientation __________
Desire to work ______ to do a good job
__________
Take on difficult challenges just to get better
Enjoyment of pitting one’s skills against those of other people (this can hurt you and your groups though)

25. Who achieves? _____________ of those who achieve: Fast learners
___________ mental sets
Driven to live up to high internal standards
Self __________
Take on responsibilities
Don’t bow to _______ pressures

26. Affiliation The ________ to be with other people
Increase when we feel _________
Reduce _______ and anxiety
_____________ benefit