1. Option 1: Tectonic Activity & Hazards

2. Links to EQ 1 and EQ3
Links to EQ3 (and some EQ4)

4. This is ONLY a starting point…
Concepts
Processes
Theories
Models
Range of hazards (EQ1)
Volcanism, Earth movement
Plate tectonics & Cont Drift – Wegner/ McKenzie & Palmer/Wilson
Dregg Disaster model,
Hazard event profiles (EQ1)
Magnitude, frequency, duration, areal extent
Vulnerability & risk (EQ1)
Risk equation
Kates model
Range of factors (Phys & Human – EQ1 & EQ3)
Volcanism, Earthquake dynamics,
Development etc
Why people live in hazard zones (EQ3)
Occupancy
Disaster/risk equation
Impacts – range of scales and locations (EQ3)
Human: economic & social
Physical:
Dregg’s disaster model
Disaster management cycle (cycle of loss & recovery)
Trends – frequency and impact (EQ3)
Park’s Hazard response model
This is ONLY a starting point…

5. MODEL OF HUMAN PERCEPTION & REPONSE (After Kates, 1992)
Human Use
systems
Modification & Adjustment
Human
Response
Perception Of
Hazard
Actual
Natural
Hazard
Hazard
Perception
threshold
Natural systems
Modification & Adjustment
At an individual level our perception of risk often fails to match the reality because we receive filter and distort information.
Therefore responses to hazard risks at an individual, community and national level may be significantly influenced by perception.

6. A little refresher into hazards and hazard types…
Primary hazards
Secondary hazards
Tertiary
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Landslides
Liquefaction and Mass movements
Fire
General effects on people
Volcanoes
Inc: tephra, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, volcanic gases
Lahars
Climate change
Flooding
A tectonic event is a physical occurrence resulting from the movement or deformation of the Earth’s crust. Events are predominantly earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Such events become tectonic hazards when they have the potential to cause loss of life or damage to property.
A disaster is the realisation of a hazard, when it causes a significant impact on the vulnerable population’ (Dregg model). Compare disaster definitions from Swiss model to Sheenan and Hewitt (Holmes and Warn, 2008, 2).
Risk is defined as the probability of a hazard occurring and creating a loss of life and livelihoods (refer to risk perception process model – EQ3).
A little refresher into hazards and hazard types…
Page 8,14&15 Holmes & Warn

7. HAZARD FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPACT and REPONSE TO TECTONIC HAZARDS:
The scale and severity of impact and choice of response depends on a complex and interlinked range of physical and human factors. As people have limited resources and time to make decisions, the relative importance of the physical risk from natural hazards, compared with other priorities such as jobs, education and health services and defence, will be a major factor influencing how much resource is devoted to reducing hazard impacts.
Physical factors that affect response
Geographical accessibility of location/region.
Type of hazard, scale, magnitude, frequency, impact.
Topography of the region.
Climate (e.g. monsoon).
Human factors that affect response
Number of people involved in incident (population density).
Degree of community preparedness.
Technological resources, quality of engineering.
Scientific level of understanding/expertise.
Education & training.
Economic wealth (Development)
Infrastructure
Social & political framework, govern competence.
HAZARD
EMERGENCY
RECOVERY
DISASTER free period
RECONSTRUCTION

8. (Taken from H&W: page 12-13)
Thinking questions for Explore
Remember these factors in turn influence the level of human response & community’s capacity to cope – which in turn can affect the scale of impact (time/risk of secondary hazards etc).
What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and scale of losses?
What ‘human’ factors can cause differences in the geography of a tectonic disaster?
(Taken from H&W: page 12-13)

9. Theory – link to distribution of tectonic hazards / Multiple HHZs
SCALE of IMPACTS
Every hazard event is different, and therefore the specific impacts of disaster vary (think spatial scale).
When researching case studies, it is important to be able to identify specific impacts and be able to explain these
Impacts are often considered as Human/Social (death, injury, illness), Economic (property loss, loss of income, cost of relief effort) and Physical (changes to landscape, topography, damage & destruction of homes/infrastructure).
Scale – linked to hazard profile inc magnitude, scale of loss, areal extent etc.
Some Economic impacts are tangible and can be given a financial value. Others are intangible, such as the destruction of a temple or artwork.
Many losses are direct and immediate such as property damage, but others are indirect – these come later and are harder to quantify, such as stress and psychological damage.
Also consider LONG and SHORT term impacts
Q: How do the causes of a tectonic event determine the scale of impacts?

11. Trends over time - frequency
Discuss trends in frequency
>10
6-10
0-5
General increase in number of earthquakes over time (Green – figure 9.19). Why?
But even if we limit the range to eq’s of more than 7.0 magnitude between there were 15 (no different from earlier periods). However, from there were 99 eq’s of this magnitude (a six-fold increase!). Why? Possible RQ
Think about hotspots?
The number of volcanic eruptions does not seem to be increasing (Green – figure 9.20). Red Chapter 21 pages
>2
1-2

12. Trends over time - impacts
Impacts can be measured in a number of ways but traditionally they are reported in terms of number of deaths or casualties together with economic impact.
Trends over time - impacts
Also refer to Green page
Impacts seem to have been relatively constant over time.
There appear to be (except anomalous years/events) fewer deaths and casualties associated with tectonic hazards compared to hydrometerological hazards.
Read and note pages in H&W for an overview.
Research activity: What evidence is there from the data that trends in impact have been influenced by anomalous years? Use the CRED website.
Remember deaths from eq’s and volcanoes in remote areas are typically underreported. Lake Nyos.
But are the sources of data reliable? Pg H & W and page 14 in AS Small

13. Developed versus developing world
It is often said that disaster impacts in the developed world are largely economic, whereas in the developing world they are human (death).
You should carefully consider if this generalisation is true. (see the table, right)
The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan and 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines are useful examples to consider
Death Toll 
Event 
Location 
Date
5,115
Mount Kelut eruption
Indonesia
1991
23,000
Nevado del Ruiz eruption
Colombia
1985
25,000
Spitak Earthquake
Armenia
1988
30,000
Bam earthquake
Iran
2003
35,000
Manjil Rudbar earthquake
1990
36,000
Krakatoa eruption tsunami
1883
66,000
Ancash earthquake
Peru
1970
69,197
Sichuan earthquake
China
2008
86,000
Kashmir earthquake
Pakistan
2005
100,000
Tsunami
Messina, Italy
1908
105,000
Great Kanto earthquake
Japan
1923
230,000
Indian Ocean tsunami
Indian Ocean
2004
245,000
Tangshan earthquake
1976

14. (South Asian) Earthquake (Wenchuan) Earthquake
Examine the two earthquakes below and consider how factors such as economic development, building types, the geography of the area affected and the relief effort may have affected the impacts.
(South Asian) Earthquake
October 2005, Kashmir
(Wenchuan) Earthquake
May 2008, Sichuan, China
Details
Magnitude 7.6. Huge number of landslides accounting for 30%+ of deaths
Magnitude 8.0. Thrust fault at continent
continent convergence
Fault displacement
Largely horizontal
displacement of up to 10m
Up to 5m vertically and 4m horizontally at the surface
Focus depth
10 km
19 km
Aftershocks
900+ over magnitude 4.0
250+ aftershocks over magnitude 4.0
Deaths
80,000
70,000
People affected
8 million
3-4 million homeless
15-30 million
5 million homeless
Injuries
200,000+
380,000
Damage estimate
US$5 billion
US$150 billion
Buildings
Around 1 million damaged/ destroyed / severely damaged
Over 2 million damaged
200,000+ buildings destroyed

15. Remember impacts can be POSITIVE as well as NEGATIVE
Review: The physical, economic and social impacts of different types of tectonic activity
Remember impacts can be POSITIVE as well as NEGATIVE

16. The Park Model gives a useful framework for response analysis.
Approaches to managing tectonic hazards vary by time and place as well.
Different hazard events have different impacts, shown by the speed of the drop in quality of life, the duration of the decline, and the speed and nature of recovery.
The differences in the 3 lines might be related to type of hazard, degree of preparedness, speed of the relief effort and the nature of recovery and rebuilding.
The Park Model: Describes a sequence of 3 phases following a disaster event
Green page 264
EQ3-EQ4
Cross-over

17. Thinking question for research
Key points: Impacts need to be studied at different scales and in contrast with different levels of development.
What are the main contrasting case studies you would use?
Diff magnitudes on Richter scale, diff levels of development etc
New Zealand
Kashmir
Japan
Haiti
Pinatubo
Iceland
Asian Tsunami ?
Diff in scale of magnitude, no of deaths etc

18. Useful resources:
Geofactsheet on Volcanoes – Why are some more hazardous than other?
Geofactsheet on Earthquakes – Why do some places suffer more than others?
JSB EQ3 guidance notes on Fronter
READ through examiner’s reports in class from previous years to look at BEST PRACTICE

19. 2 As soon as you get the pre-release research focus:
Dissect it by relating it back to the specification.
Discuss it with your peers and teacher.
Ensure you know what ‘Explore’ and ‘Research’ actually mean.
Make a list of any key concepts and models likely to help
Which terms in your glossary may help?
Practice linkage words, to make your report structured and logical.
Marshall the parts of your file most related to the focus
Make final summary fact-files of your main case studies/examples: precise details are required in final exam for top grades - variety of sources ((range of sources – USGS, Geog Review, New Sci, UN ISDR) and consider bias, reliability, date). Better candidates may develop the imp of topical, unbiased sources e.g. blogs and NGOs vs. academic researchers. Credit fieldtrip experience to California, Iceland, New Zealand, Japan etc.
Identify the complexity in the focus- Geography rarely involves black and white decisions- where’s the element of gray? Your argument/opinion (s) – remember your ‘Western’ viewpoint – DO NOT oversimplify complex situations.
Try to practice different introductions and conclusions - especially to time. Your plan should take 5 mins or so, introduction should be written in 10minutes, main conclusion in 10 minutes.
If you haven’t tried writing a full report in 90 minutes with no notes, now is the time!
Remind yourself of the components of the generic mark scheme: the formula is D+R+A+Q+C = 70!
Kim Adams

20. Examples of how the pre release helps the real exam Q
Pre release steer
Actual exam Q
Tectonic Activity and Hazards
Explore the range of tectonic event profiles and how these and other factors affect the responses of people and governments.
Research, contrasting locations and hazard events to draw out the range of tectonic activity, and the different responses generated.
‘Tectonic hazard profiles determine the way in which people and governments respond top hazards.’ Discuss.
Explore the types of relationship between the causes and effects of different tectonic hazards, and the range of responses humans have to them.
Research a range of tectonic activity types and response in varying locations.
Discuss the relationship
between the nature of tectonic hazards and human responses to them
Explore the extent to which tectonic activity has a distinctive geography and is spatially concentrated in hotspots
Research the role of the 3 major types of plate boundary in causing varying types of tectonic hazard with
differing frequency and magnitude
Tectonic hazards have a distinctive geography. Discuss
Explore what is meant by tectonic landscapes by looking at a variety of zoned areas.
Research the role of extrusive and intrusive activity in producing a variety of landforms,& contrasting past & present tectonic activity
Explain why tectonic landscapes contain such a variety of landforms
Kim Adams

21. Mark scheme
So when your examiner is thinking DRACQ and awarding up to 70 marks, have you maximised your chances for success?
Would you give your Definitions/ introduction and conclusion 10 marks each?
Have you shown both range and depth in your Research for 15 marks?
Have you really tried to fit the data to the title and get the highest Application/ analysis marks?
How close to 10 will you be on Quality of Written Communication?
. Mark scheme
Marks
Shorthand
Introducing, defining and focusing on the question 10 D
Researching and Methodology 15 R
Analysis, application and understanding 20 A
Conclusions and evaluation C
Quality of written communication and sourcing Q
TOTAL 70

22. If that is the steer what is the question?
Here are some of your ideas…..
How do different factors make tectonic activity hazardous and how doe the impacts vary?
Discuss the factors which influence the scale of impacts from tectonic activity/disasters.
How do certain factors result in different levels of impact in contrasting locations?
Earthquakes rather than volcanic eruptions cause a greater scale of impact. Discuss this statement.
‘The impact of tectonic hazards and disasters reflects an area’s level of development more than the severity of the hazard’s event.’ Discuss this viewpoint.
‘It is the subsequent effects of natural hazards rather than the initial event that cause the greatest impacts.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement
Discuss the view that in hazardous environments the real killer is poverty, not the forces of nature.
A complex interaction of factors determines the scale of impact for tectonic hazards and disasters. Discuss this statement referring to contrasting examples.