1. WELD TESTING

2. DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE

3. DESTRUCTIVE TESTING These can be divided into two parts,
Tests capable of being performed in the workshop.
Laboratory tests.
microscopic-macroscopic , chemical and corrosive.

4. REASONS
Defects occur during welding which affect the quality and hardness of the plate
Other defects occur through lack of knowledge of and skill of the welder
For the training of welders

5. WORKSHOP TESTS
TENSILE BENDING
IMPACT HARDNES
FATIGUE CRACKING

6. TENSILE
Material is sectioned and edges rounded of to prevent cracking.
Punch marks are made to see elongation.

7. TENSILE

8. BEND TESTING Shows Physical condition of the weld
Determine welds efficiency
Tensile strength
Ductility
Fusion and penetration

9. BEND TEST Bend through 180O
the specimen should be a minimum of 30mm wide
The fulcrums diameter is 3x thickness of the plate
The bottom rollers have a distance of the diameter of the former times the thickness of the plate
Upper and lower surfaces ground or filed flat and edges rounded off.
the tests should be one against the root -another against the face ,and in some cases a side bend.

10. Root bend

11. FACE BEND

12. ANY QUESTIONS

13. IMPACT
CHARPY AND IZOD
Gives the toughness and shock loading of the material and weld at varying temperatures with a notch such as under cut
The measurement is the energy required to to break a specimen with a given notch
2mm depth at a 45obevel or a “U” notch.

14. TEST MACHINE

16. CHARPY

17. IZOD

18. ANY QUESTIONS

19. HARDNESS TESTS.
This gives the metals ability to show resistance to indentation which show it’s resistance to wear and abrasion.
The tests are
Brinell
Rockwell
Vickers diamond pyramid
Scleroscope

20. VICKERS HARDNES

23. FATIGUE the testing of Material that is subject to fluctuating loads
HAIGH Electro magnetic tester.
W’O’HLER Uses rotating chuck with weight

24. CRACKING REEVES Test study the hardening and cracking of welds.
The compatibility of electrodes for the metal being joined.

25. CRACKING Three Sides Are Welded With Known Compatible Electrodes.
The front edge is welded with the test electrode.
if incompatible it will crack.

26. MICROSCOPIC
Used to determine the actual structure of the weld and parent metal
Up to 50,000 times magnification with an electron beam microscope
Polishing must be of a very high standard

27. MACROSCOPIC Examined using a magnifying glass .
magnification from 2 to 20 time.
it will show up slag entrapment or cracks .
polishing not as high as micro.

28. ETCHING REAGENTS
These are acids used to show up different structures in metals
For steels the most common is “1-2 % nitric acid in distilled water or alcohol.
Aluminum uses a solution of 10-20%caustic soda in water

29. HAVE YOU ANY QUESTIONS

30. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

32. VISUAL While welding After welding The rate the electrode melts
The way the weld metal flows
Sound of the arc
The light given of
After welding
Under cut
Lack of root fusion
Any pin holes from gas or slag
Amount of spatter
Dimensions of weld

33. DYE PENETRANTS These are an aid to visual inspection
Will only find surface defects
Use correct type

34. DYE PENETRANTS

35. DYE PENETRANTS
Types
Red
Flouresant
CAUTION
Oil based
Water washable

36. DETECTION

37. MAGNETIC PARTICLE Mainly for surface defects
Some sub surface defects can be found
Only ferrous metal

38. ACOUSTICS Striking with a rounded object Ringing tone if no defect
Tone changes when object is cracked

39. APPLICATION OF A LOAD Used to test pressure vessels Pipe lines
The item for testing is filled with water or oil it is then pressurised using a pump
A safety valve is set 1.5 to 2 times below the working pressure.

41. PRESSURE TEST

42. RADIOGRAPHIC X-RAY GAMMA RAY
Electro magnetic radiation of short duration
Both of these methods are a danger to health

43. X- RAY

46. X-RAY VIEWER Pictures taken are viewed as negatives
will only give flat image not in three dimensional
darkened area must be used for viewing

47. ULTRASONIC TESTING This uses high pitched sound
The sound will not pass through an air gap so bounces back and is picked up on a receiver
The reader is a oscilloscope

48. ULTRA SONIC

51. THIS IS THE END OF THE LESSON
ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS