1. HOMOTHALLISM
HETEROTHALLISM
AND

2. HOMOTHALLISM
Homothallism refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually i.e., having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. The opposite sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium.
Perithecium of Neurospora sp
The most common Homothallic Fungi

3. Spores Uni-nucleate and the Nucleus has only one GENOTYPE.
TYPES:
Primary Homothallism 
Spores Uni-nucleate and the Nucleus has only one GENOTYPE.
Examples:
Allomyces javanicus
Puccinia malvacearum
Pyronema omphalodes
And many more members of Mucarales

4. Neurospora tetrasperma Coprinus ephimera
Secondary Homothallism 
Nuclei of compatible mating types are present in each spore.
Examples
Neurospora tetrasperma
Coprinus ephimera

5. HETEROTHALLISM
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores.

6. The term Heterothallism was first used by an American geneticist A. F
The term Heterothallism was first used by an American geneticist A.F. Blakeslee in 1904 when he observed that zygospores could develop in some spp. only when two mycelia of different strains were allowed to come in contact with each other.
result of his studies on zygospore formation in Mucorales. He found that in some species of Rhizopus, zygospores were formed freely while in others like
R. nigricans zygospores were formed rarely.

7. TYPES: However, in Blastocladiella variabilis the
Morphological heterothallism:
Morphological heterothallism may be defined as the condition when morphologically different male and female sex organs are produced in two closely associated mycelia.
The two sex organs or gametes are so morphologically different that it is easier to termone of them as male and the other as female
Examples: Achlya ambisexualis, A. bisexualis,
Blastocladiella variabilis, Dictyuchus monosporus,
Phytophthora palmivora and Peronospora parasitica
However, in Blastocladiella variabilis the
male and female gametangia are
morphologically distinct, the male being
smaller than the female.
Whitehouse (1949) also used the term
haplodioecious for morphologically
heterothallic species of fungi.

8. Physiological Heterothallism:
In physiological heterothallism, the interacting thalli differ in mating type or incompatibility, irrespective of the presence or absence of the sex organs or gametes. This means that sexual reproduction takes place by two morphologically similar but physiologically different hyphae in physiological heterothallism.
Physiological heterothallism may be of two types:
(i) Two Allelomorphs or Two-Allele Heterothallism:
When nuclei of both the mating types are different in genetic characters, this type of Heterothallism is known as Two-Allele heterothallism. In these types compatibility is governed by a pair of Alleles represented by A and a located at single same locus of the chromosome.
Due to the dominance of A over a, A is represented by (+) and a by (-). At the time of meiosis, separation of the chromatids take place. Half of the haploid spores thus have (+) and the other half (-) allele.
The spores bearing (+) allele will produce (+) mycelia and the spores with (-) allele will give rise to (-) mycelia. The mycelia of (+) and (+) and (-) and (-) are self-sterile or self-incompatible. Thus, two complimentary mating types (+) and (-) are essential for sexual reproduction.
Two-Allele heterothallism has been reported in several fungi of like Ascobolus magnificus, Puccinia graminis, Neurospora sitophila Mu mucedo, Ustilago kolleri etc.

9. Bipolar Multiple-Allele Heterothallism:
(ii) Multiple Allelomorph or Multiple Allele Heterothallism:
In this type of heterothallism, more than two (multiple) alleles determine the sexual compatibility. These may be located at one (bipolar) or two (tetrapolar) loci.
Because of the larger number of alleles involved in this type of heterothallism, chances of mating of compatible strains increase.
 Bipolar Multiple-Allele Heterothallism:
This type of heterothallism is controlled by multiple alleles at a single locus, instead of a pair of Alleles. For example, if the locus is named as L, the multiples alleles will be designated as L1, L2, L3, L4—Ln and these are present on the single locus L.
The meiotic division will give rise .to thalli which may be of several mating types, generally equal to the number of alleles. The thallus containing the allele L1 can mate with a thallus of any mating type except L1.
Similarly L2 can mate with any thallus except that containing L2 allele and so on. In this type of heterothallism, incompatibility factors are more commonly involved. Bipolar multiple allele heterothallism is characteristic of Basidiomycetes except rusts and smuts

11. Tetrapolar Multiple Allele heterothallism
This type of heterothallism is characteristic of Basidiomycetes except rusts. In this type of heterothallism, which is very similar to bipolar multiple allele heterothallism, compatibility is determined by two loci.
Multiple allele—the compatible factor is present on two loci L1 and L2of two Chromatids of a chromosome. At the time of meiotic division, both the loci are separated with chromatids.
It is estimated that at least 100 alleles are present on each locus. In Schizophyllum commune, 122, alleles of factor A and 61 of B have been identified in the laboratory.
According to rough estimates, the number of alleles may be even more, about of L1, and 65 of L2. Any two mating types, which differ in allele present on L1 and L2 are compatible.
If the allele composition of mating type is A1 B1, it would be compatible with any other type of allele composition except A1 B1. But the mating type with allele composition is not fully compatible with allele composition A2 B2 or A2 B2.
Ustilago maydis and Comprinus firmaterius. Most common

14. Blakeslee’s Experiments

15. Blakeslee proved the phenomenon of heterothallism on the basis of the experiments he conducted using several species of Mucorales.
He inoculated spores of two different strains of Mucor hiemalis on a petridish containing synthetic agar medium.
After a few days it was observed that the zygospores were formed along the zone of contact of two mycelia. In another experiment he inoculated spores of only one strain on a petridish containing synthetic agar medium and after some time it was observed that absolutely no zygospores were produced in this experiment.
From these experiments, he concluded that zygospores could be formed only when mycelia of two different strains were allowed to come in contact.
Blakeslee and his coworkers (1928) examined different genera of Mucorales to test whether these were homothallic or heterothallic. Most of the genera tested were homothallic while only a few genera were found to be heterothallic.
In heterothallic species of Mucor mucedo, the zygospores upon germination produced germsporangia which contain spores of only one strain (either + or -).
In this case, zygospores could be formed only when mycelia formed from spores of (-) strain formed in germsporangia produced on germination of zygospores are allowed to come in contact with the mycelia produced from the spores of (+) strain.

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