1. AMPK Promotes Autophagy by Facilitating Mitochondrial Fission
Chen-Song Zhang, Sheng-Cai Lin 
Cell Metabolism 
Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages (March 2016)
DOI: /j.cmet
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
AMPK Phosphorylates MFF to Promote Mitochondrial Fission and Mitophagy
External insults, including ETC inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A, and internal insults such as increased ROS levels impair mitochondrial function and disrupt ATP synthesis, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio that activates AMPK. In parallel, allosteric activators of AMPK such as the AMP mimetic AICAR and the compound A directly stimulate AMPK without perturbing mitochondria. Activated AMPK phosphorylates MFF on its Ser155 and Ser172 sites, recruiting Drp1 from cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Upon recruitment, Drp1 promotes the constriction and fission of mitochondria, a prerequisite for the engulfment of mitochondria by autophagosome or mitophagy. (Illustrator, Huiling Guo.)
Cell Metabolism  , DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions