1. Semantics
~all about meaning~

2. BASIC CONCEPTS word relationship lexical semantics homonyms meaning
paraphrasing
connotation
antonyms
componential
analysis
homograph
intension
heteronym
extension
fuzzy concepts
thematic roles
theta roles
metonyms
contradiction
entailment
pragmatics
idioms
denotation
synonyms
polysemy
sentence relations

3. Semantics The analysis of meaning in human languages
Meaning- message or content of an utterance
Lexical semantics
Word 1
(mare)
Word 2
(brown)
Phrasal semantics/
Sentential semantics
Pragmatics

4. Semantic relations - Words
Homonyms
different words with the same pronunciation
Polysemes
two or more related meanings
Homographs
identical spelling
Heteronyms
homographs that are pronounced differently

5. Exercises ENGLISH TAGALOG 1. light 1. bata 2. right 2. magulang
3. raise 3. sulat
4. grass 4. tanda
5. bear 5. basa

6. Semantic relations - Words
Synonyms
same meaning
Antonyms
opposite meaning
complementary pairs
gradable pairs
relational opposites
Hyponyms
general term and specific representation
Metonyms
a word used in place of another word to convey the same meaning
Retronyms
expressions that once were redundant

7. Exercises Identify the semantic relationship of the following words
ENGLISH TAGALOG
1. flourish-thrive 1. bango-baho
2. intelligent-stupid 2. matulin-mabilis
3. casual-informal 3. libro-aklat
4. young-old 4. mahal-mura
5. drunk-sober 5. ganda-yumi

8. Semantic relations - Sentences
Paraphrase – two sentences that can have the same meaning
UP Pep Squad won the cheerleading competition.
The cheerleading competition was won by UP Pep Squad.
Entailment – the truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of another sentence
UP Pep Squad received the highest score.
UP Pep Squad won.
Contradiction – if one sentence is true then another sentence must be false
UP Pep Squad bagged the first place.
UST Group was the champion.

9. Meaning Connotation – meaning association Denotation – referents
Extension and intension – referent and concept
Componential analysis – breakdown of　semantic features

10. Exercises Give a connotative and denotative meaning for each word:
linguistics
exams
fun
politician
Filipino
summer

11. Exercises Intension and Extension Componential analysis
linguistics professor
The President of RP
national language of the Philippines
Componential analysis
bull, rooster, drake, ram
idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear
milk, alcohol, rice, soup, mud

12. Conceptual System Fuzzy concepts – no clear-cut boundaries
Graded membership – prototypical; closest to the definition
Metaphor – understanding of one concept in terms of another
Lexicalization of concepts – the process whereby concepts are encoded in the words of a language
Grammaticization – lexicalized as functional categories

13. Syntax and Sentence Interpretation
Thematic roles – semantic relationship between the verb and the NPs of a sentence
AGENT – the one who performs an action
THEME – the one or thing that undergoes an action
SOURCE – the place from which an action originates
GOAL – the place to which an action is directed
LOCATION – the place where an action takes place
INSTRUMENT – the means by which an action is performed
EXPERIENCER – one who perceives something
CAUSATIVE – a natural force that causes a change
Thematic grid: eat <agent, theme>

14. Examples Identify the theta roles of the NPs.
The wind damaged the roof.
It rains in Spain.
Helen heard Robert playing the piano.
The child put the cart on the porch.
Joan cuts hair with a razor.
He flew from Tokyo to New York.

15. Syntax and Sentence Interpretation
Interpretation of Pronouns
pronominals - he, she, him, her
reflexives – himself, herself, myself
ANTECEDENT
C-command rule
Principle A
A reflexive pronoun must have an antecedent that c-commands it in the same minimal S.
Principle B
A pronominal must not have an antecedent that c-commands it in the same minimal S.

16. Examples [Claire knew that [Alexis trusted her]].
[Claire knew that [Alexis trusted herself]].
That boy’s teacher admires himself.
That boy’s teacher admires him.