1. Management Function Directing
Dr. John Abraham
Professor
UTPA

2. Directing Most complex of the management functions
Effective communication
Providing leadership

3. Administrative communication
Sender – receiver – channel –symbols
Communicator – listener – communication channel – verbal or other symbols.
Effective communication can be judged by behavior changes in the receiver. Feedback.
Who communicated better? Obama? McCain? Why?

4. Miscommunication Undesired behavior in the receiver.
A student cries after a session with the professor. Did communication or miscommunication take place?

5. Psychological factors of communication
Identify objectives – if the sender does not know what behavior change is desired, poor communication takes place. Sometimes contradictory instruction can be issued.
Know motivating factors (canned presentations assume stereotyping)

6. Human Motivation
Appetizing meal may not be appealing someone who has just eaten.
Unsatisfied motives guides a persons behavior.
There are physical, social and psychic motives.
Abraham Maslow – hierarchy of needs

7. Physical Motives Biological needs and urges
Hunger, thirst, physical comfort, sex drive. Airconditioned room, absence of physical hazards, good food.
Lower income people can be motivated with physical motives.

8. Social Motives Belonging to a group (social club, popular group)
Pleasant work companions
Friendly supervisor
Jobs that are of high status

9. Psychic motives Adds to the self-worth Helping others
Working independently

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
physological
Safety
Love/belonging
Esteem
Self actualization

11. Morale High morale leads to high productivity
Productivity results when the organizational and personal goals can be integrated.
Satisfying personal goals leads to positive motivation

12. Leadership Based on reward rather than threat raises morale.
High productivity may be achieved with threat, however it is short lived.

13. Two types of leadership:
Manager assumes average human being has an inherent dislike for work and avoid it if he can (lazy). Wants to be directed. Only coersion is the motivating factor. Meeting of physical needs is motivation.
Work is as natural as play. Self motivated to work. A manager encourages to develop and utilize knowledge, skills and ingenuity of the employee.

14. Lead
Demand following (dictatorship)
Follow

15. Leaders Born or learned? Story of railroad here.
Intelligence, communication skill and ability to assess group goals.
Different leadership styles at different levels of organization
Centralized or decentralized authority
Authoritarian or democratic

16. Six elements of a motivation program
Establish appropriately difficult goals
Remove obstacles (personal and organizational)
Use rewards and discipline appropriately
Provide incentives
Distribute rewards equitably
Provide timely rewards and specific honest feedback.