1. BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Breeding? Application of genetics principles for improvement
“Accelerated” and “targeted evolution”
An evolution by artificial selection
Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents
Genetic improvement through crossing with desired traits and selecting progeny with improved performance and/or improved combinations of traits. 
Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

3. Importance of Plant breeding?
Increases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved management.
It suggests about a of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to management.
Planting material is the most important input in agriculture
An improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

4. Primary Steps in Plant Breeding
Develop a Vision
Find or Create Variability (Techniques)
Apply Selection Pressure
Evaluate and Select (Screen)
Commercialize
Vision- developed from your knowledge and experiences w/ horticultural crops, plt pathology, entomology, etc… Sometimes its based on your intuition or expectations
Variability- obtaining the genetic variation for the traits your interested in. Sources include modern cultivars, heirloom cultivars, wild taxa, related species, and now, with biotechnology any living organism
Techniques- include traditional or classical plant reproduction such as self and cross pollination. Also includes identification of incompatibility systems or other problems w/ normal reproduction. And now can also be based in biotechnology such as with protoplast fusion or embryo rescue from wide crosses
Selection pressure- the development of an evaluation environment that allows for the expression of variation in the trait of interest. You can’t breed for Pythium resistance without Pythium being present in your selection environment
Evaluation/selection- involves the statistical analysis of progenies, Also includes an experimental design that allows for the detection of differences between families or individuals
Commercialization- can include establishment of clean stock, bulking up, production, and intellectual property protection

5. Challenges of plant breeding early in 21th century
Human population growth
Human population is growing faster than increases in food production. Grain production increases around 0.5% a year, while human population growth is about 1.5% a year
Sustainability
Environment problems due to natural resource over exploitation
Globalization
World wide competition among the largest multinational as global business entity and national companies of agriculture input production such as seed materials
Global warming
Changing climate may change in quality and quantity of biotic and a-biotic factors.

6. Meeting the challenges
Use all knowledge and tools that can contribute to :
overcome the challenges
Maintain long term productivity and sustainability
Molecular genetics,
Molecular biology,
Genomics,
Proteomics,
Bioinformatics
Molecular physiology

7. Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum)
Time
Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum)
Genomics
Analytical Technologies
Transgenic Traits
Biotech/Genetic Engineering
Winter Nurseries
Computer Technologies
Plot Mechanization
Quantitative Genetics
Statistics
Pedigree Breeding
Hybridization
Open Pollinated Selection
Germplasm Improvement
( = higher yields)
Proteomics
Bioinformatics

8. In vitro breeding methods
Selection breeding methods
In vitro breeding methods
Plant Breeding in the 21th Century
Molecular breeding methods
Transgenic breeding methods

9. Conventional breeding methods
Selection
Hybridization
Mutagenesis
Polyploidy
Heterosis

10. Selection breeding methods
The oldest method for plant improvement
Mass selection
Bulk breeding method
Single-seed descent
Pedigree breeding

11. In vitro breeding Somaclonal variation Haploid and double breeding
In vitro selection
Somatic Hybridization
Micro-propagation

12. Transgenic breeding Gene construct methods Transformation methods
Screening methods
Evaluation methods

13. Molecular breeding Marker development methods Quantitative trait loci
Marker assisted breeding methods

14. Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques
Selective Breeding Mutation breeding Transgenic breeding
Level Precision Certainty Limits
Whole organism
Molecule
Thousands of genes
Unknown
Single gene
Genetic change poorly characterized
Gene function well understood
Between species and genera
Not applicable
No limitations
Will walk them through this slide, stressing that GE is more precise and predictable and that GE, because it allows us access to all of nature’s diversity, can provide products we’ve only dreamed of before now.

15. Traditional plant breeding
Traditional donor
Commercial variety
New variety
DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once.
(many genes are transferred) X =
Desired Gene
(crosses)
Desired gene
Transgenic breeding
Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand.
Desired gene
Commercial variety
New variety
(transfers) =
(only desired gene is followed)

16. New tools in plant breeding
No.
Breeding steps
New tools 1.
Creating variability
Somaclonal technique
Protoplast fusion technique
Transformation technique 2.
Selection
In vitro selection technique
Marker development technique
Double haploid technique 3.
Evaluation
Marker development technique 4.
Releasing
1. Marker development technique 5.
Seed production
Micropropagation technique

17. Outline In vitro breeding Transgenic breeding Molecular breeding
Micropropagation methods
Protoplast isolation and fusion methods
Somaclonal variation
In vitro Screening methods
Transgenic breeding
A. Gene construct methods
B. Transformation methods
C. Transgenic Plant
Molecular breeding
Marker development methods
Marker Assisted Selection methods
Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods

18. Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
"Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery."
Norman Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
“Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery.”
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate,
Norman Borlaug

19. Agriculture is everywhere and every time Already this morning agriculture has touched your life