1. CS IA: Procedural Programming CS IB: Object-Oriented Programming
CS CS 13012
CS IA: Procedural Programming
CS IB: Object-Oriented Programming

2. Where did C++ come from?
BCPL was developed in 1967 as a language for writing operating systems and software compilers
In 1970, the creators of UNIX operating system needed a high-level language that provided enough power and flexibility for their task. They developed B (a derivative of BCPL)
In 1972, an enhanced and improved version of the language called C was used to code most of UNIX
most of operating systems (one of the largest and most complicated pieces of software) is written in C or C++
source code for Microsoft Windows Vista contains 50 million lines of mostly C/C++ code
source code Red Hat Linux v.7.1 contains 30 million lines of C/C++ code

3. The Birth of C++
C++ is an extension of C developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in early 1980s
C/C++ are possibly the most popular programming languages in use today
C++ absorbed the best features of C and made a few additions to make it even more powerful and convenient to use
C was written to combine ease of high-level language with the power of low-level language
with C it is very easy to write code that is difficult to understand and hard to debug
one of the major additions introduced by C++ is the use of OBJECTS!

4. Hardware program - sequence of instructions to computer
software - collection of programs
hardware - physical devices that make up computer equipment
computer - PC/mainframes/workstations
computer contains 5 main components
CPU - follows the instructions and performs calculations specified by the program
input device - any device that allows outside world to communicate information to the computer
output device - any device that allows computer to communicate information to the outside world
main memory/primary memory/RAM - a list of addressable numbered memory locations that computer can operate upon
bit - the least possible amount of information: 0 or 1
byte - 8 bits
memory location - single (indivisible) portion of memory that holds data
address - number that identifies a memory location
secondary memory - memory that is used for keeping a permanent record of information - disks/data CDs/flash drives

5. Hardware Diagrams

6. Software program (again) - set of instructions for computer to follow
system – to be used by other programmers
operating system - allocates computer resources, launches other programs and makes sure they work properly
libraries – collection of routines to be used in other programs: input/output, math
application – to be used by end-users
data - input to the program
running/executing program - performing program instructions on given data
languages
natural - language used by humans
high-level - language (close to natural) that is understood by humans, C++ is a high-level language
low-level (assembly) - a list of instructions a computer can follow add X, Y, Z
machine - list of instructions in binary format a computer understands
compiler - a system program that translates high-level language into low-level language
code - source (high-level language), object (machine language)
library - set of previously developed routines
linker - program that takes object code, adds needed routines from libraries and produces executable code
executable code - can run on computer

7. include files (add1.h, iostream)
Software Cycle Diagam
source code (add1.cpp)
include files (add1.h, iostream)
done by linker
link object code with pre-compiled routines from standard libraries to produce executable code
add include files
check
object code (add1.o)
file
unit for legal
syntax and
compile it into
an object code
standard libraries
done by compiler
executable code

8. C++ Program Layout #include <iostream> int main() { statement 1;
include directive - tells compiler where to find certain items about the program
main part (main function) - contain instructions for computer, starts and ends with braces: {}
statement – single unit of execution
each statement is ended with semicolon ;
program consists of a sequence of statements
comment is a portion of line ignored by compiler - serves to make the code easier to understand by humans
breaks and indentation is for humans - compiler ignores them. Yet the program should be easy to read!
#include <iostream>
int main() {
statement 1;
// comment
statement 2;
... }

9. First Program: helloWorld.cpp
// displays a greeting
// Mikhail Nesterenko
// 8/25/2013
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!" << endl; }
preprocessor
directive
comments
function named main() indicates start of program
output
statement

10. Rules of Programming
syntax - the principles of constructing (structuring) the program
semantics – the meaning of the program and its parts
style – non-syntactic rules of program writing aimed at making program easier to read and understand