1. The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution22
The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

2. Europe in 1914
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3. The Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent
Rivalries over colonies
Nationalism
Socialist labor movements create fear nations on the eve of revolution
Militarism
Conscription
Russia an army of 1.3 million
France and Germany, 900,000
Influence of military leaders
Complex military plans
Inflexibility of military plans

4. World War I,
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5. The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914
Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophia, June 28, 1914
Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914
Austrians see chance to stop Serbian nationalistic movements
Germany promises support
Russian mobilization
Schlieffen Plan

6. The Great War 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate Trench warfare
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
Russian failures
Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
Driven out of Galicia and Serbia

7. World War I, 1914 – 1918

8. 1916 – 1917: The Great Slaughter Trench warfare “No man’s land”
No plan for fighting a trench war
Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed
Horrors of trench warfare

9. The Widening of the War
Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on Ottomans
Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central Powers
Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary
Middle East
T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia ( )
Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South West Africa, German East Africa, and Pacific
Entry of the United States
Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915
German return to unrestricted submarine warfare
United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

10. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
Extension of government power
Politics
Economics
Internal dissent
Defense of the Realm Act in Britain
Propaganda
New roles for women

11. The Russian Revolution
Problems of Tsar Nicholas II
Military problems
Influence of Rasputin
Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917
Led by women
Demand “Peace and bread”
Soldiers joined the strike
Provisional government takes control
Alexander Kerensky ( )
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
V.I. Lenin ( )
Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918

12. Civil War Communist (Red) Army Leon Trotsky White army
How the Bolsheviks won
Red Terror
Chekka
Allied invasion
100,000 troops

13. The Last Year of the War Last German offensive, March - July, 1918
Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918
William II abdicated, November 9, 1918
Armistice, November 11, 1918

14. The Peace Settlement
Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations
Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security
Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to punish Germany
Agreement to create the League of Nations

15. The Treaty of Versailles
Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany
Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919
Article 231, War Guilt Clause
Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force
Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland
Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

16. The Other Peace Treaties
Territorial changes in Europe
Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears
Germany and Russia lose territory
Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem
Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire
Mandates
France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine

17. Territorial Changes in Europe and the Middle East after World War I
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18. The Futile Search for Stability
Uneasy peace, uncertain security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921
Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr valley
Dawes Plan, August 1924
Treaty of Locarno, 1925
Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926
Disarmament

19. The Great Depression Two events set the stage for the depression
Problems in domestic economies
International financial crisis
Problems of the 1920s
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
Worldwide problems
High unemployment
Bank failures
Governments relied on:
Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising tariffs
Increased involvement of the government into economics
Renewed interest in Marxist principles

20. The Democratic States Britain France Germany United States
John Maynard Keynes ( )
Keynes argued for putting people to work
Called for deficit spending
France
Governmental problems
Popular Front
Germany
Weimar Republic
Runaway inflation,
Prosperity from
United States
New Deal
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Social reforms

21. Socialism in Soviet Russia
Problems facing Russia after the Civil War
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Modified capitalism
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Alexandra Kollontai ( )
Women’s rights and social welfare
Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power
The Politburo
Joseph Stalin ( )
Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival
By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power

22. In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends
Breakdown of middle-class values
Nightmares and New Visions
Abstract painting
Dadaism
Tristan Tzara ( )
Surrealism
Salvador Dalí ( )
Probing the Unconscious
James Joyce ( ), Ulysses
Hermann Hesse ( )
Mass entertainment

23. Discussion Questions What role did new technology play in World War I?
Why role did Europe’s African and Asian colonies play in the conflict?
How did military setbacks contribute to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?
What were the objectives of the major powers at the Versailles peace conference?
How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and the United States respond to the challenges presented by the Great Depression?