1. The Circulatory System
The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types

2. Structures
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood

3. Functions To move blood & lymph through the body
Transporting nutrients & oxygen to the cells of the body, removes waste products such as carbon dioxide
Regulating temperature and pH balance
Protecting the body from diseases

4. The Closed Circulatory System
Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs.
Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

5. The Cardiovascular System
The Heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
Four chambers
2 Atria (Superior)
2 Ventricles (Inferior)
The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body (denoted by a blue color)
The left side sends oxygenated blood to the body (denoted by a red color)

6. Size, Shape, Location of the Heart
Size of a closed fist
Shape
Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone
Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone
Located in thoracic cavity

7. Functions of the Heart Generating blood pressure Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

8. Circuits Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit
The blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart.
Systemic circuit
The pathway between the left and right sides of the heart.

9. Heart Wall Three layers of tissue
Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart
Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting
Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

10. External Anatomy Four chambers Auricles Major veins Major arteries
2 atria
2 ventricles
Auricles
Major veins
Vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Major arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk

11. Heart Valves Atrioventricular Semilunar
Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards
Atrioventricular
Tricuspid
Bicuspid (mitral)
Semilunar
Aortic
Pulmonary

13. Blood Flow Through Heart

14. The Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels -A network of tubes
Arteries Arterioles move away from the heart
Elastic Fibers
Circular Smooth Muscle
High pressure (where you check your pulse)
Veins Venules moves towards the heart
Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs
One way values
When they break - varicose veins form
Lower pressure (where you give blood or receive IV medication)
Capillaries – where diffusion (gas exchange) takes place.
One cell thick
Serves the Respiratory System too

16. The Cardiovascular System
The Blood
Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste

17. The Cardiovascular System
B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. Do not have a nucleus and live only about 120 days.
Can not repair themselves.

18. The Cardiovascular System
C. Leukocytes – White Blood cells
Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow
Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.

19. The Cardiovascular System
D. Thrombocytes – Platelets.
These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow from magakaryocytes.
Clot Blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin.

20. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count
Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia
Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in thrombocytes
Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems
Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with plaque, also called myocardial infarction

21. Heart Sounds First heart sound or “lubb” Second heart sound or “dubb”
Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole
Second heart sound or “dubb”
Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer
Third heart sound (occasional)
Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole

22. Cardiac Cycle
Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half
Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure.
Contraction of heart produces the pressure
Systolic (top)/ diastolic (bottom) for a blood pressure reading

24. Cardiac Arrhythmias Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm
Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm
Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration
Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

25. Effects of Aging on the Heart
Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise
Hypertrophy of left ventricle
Maximum heart rate decreases
Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur
Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood