1. ATA FEN Clostridial Vaccines & Antiserums For Veterinary Use
Tahir Selçuk Yavuz D.V.M.

2. Clostridial Diseases

3. Blackleg Disease (Clostridium chauvoei)
Blackleg is an acute, febrile, highly fatal disease of cattle and sheep caused by Clostridium chauvoei and characterized by emphysematous swelling, commonly affecting heavy muscles (clostridial myositis). It is found worldwide.

4. Clinical Findings and Lesions
Clostridium chauvoei organisms probably are ingested, pass through the wall of the GI tract, and after gaining access to the bloodstream, are deposited in muscle and other tissues (spleen, liver, and alimentary tract) and may remain dormant indefinitely.
Characteristic edematous and crepitant swellings develop in the hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck, or elsewhere.
At first, the swelling is small, hot, and painful. As the disease rapidly progresses, the swelling enlarges, there is crepitation on palpation, and the skin becomes cold and insensitive with decreased blood supply to affected areas. General signs include prostration and tremors.
Death occurs within 12–48 hours. In some cattle, the lesions are restricted to the myocardium and the diaphragm.
Blackleg, muscle of a cow. Characteristic black color and the dry appearance of the necrotic muscle, with tiny gas bubbles just visible in the tissue.

5. VBR Chauvoei Clostridium chouvoei Bacterin-Toxoid
Monovalent Vaccine against Black Leg Disease in Cattle, Goats and Sheep
Administration Table
Target Species
Age
Dose & Administration
Revaccinaton
Calves, cattle
Older than 3-4 months
2 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval. Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the left side of the neck
Annual revaccination with a single dose
Sheep, lambs, goats and kids
Older than 2 months
1 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval.
Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the armpit

6. Enterotoxemia (Clostridium perfringens)
Disease
C perfringens Type
Host
Lamb dysentery
Type B
Lambs ≤3 weeks old
Calf enterotoxemia
Types B and C
Well-fed calves ≤1 months old
Struck
Type C
Adult sheep
Goat enterotoxemia
Adult goats
Pulpy kidney disease, Overeating disease
Type D
Less common in goats and rarely in cattle

7. (Clostridium perfringens) C
(Clostridium perfringens) C. perfringens types, major toxins, and associated syndromes 
Toxin Type
Major Toxin
Disease & Syndromes A
Alpha
Abomastitis (stomach inflammation) in calves
Bloating in calves
Mild diarrhea in calves
May be associated with hemorrhagic bowel
syndrome (HBS) in dairy cattle B
Beta, Alpha, Epsilon
Hemorrhagic enteritis in newborn calves
Lamb dysentery C
Beta, Alpha
Sudden death in very young calves
Hemorrhagic enteritis (bloody scours)
Struck
Goat enterotoxemia D
Epsilon, Alpha
Enterotoxemia resulting in sudden death, usually in calves on feed (finishing cattle)

8. Enterotoxemia Caused by Clostridium perfringens Types B and C
Lamb enterotoxemia
Hemorrhagic enteritis

9. Enterotoxemia Caused by Clostridium perfringens Type D
Pulpy kidney disease, Overeating disease
This classic enterotoxemia of sheep is seen less frequently in goats and rarely in cattle. It has a worldwide distribution and affects animals of any age. It is most common in lambs either <2 weeks old or weaned in feedlots and on a high-carbohydrate diet or, less often, on lush green pastures.
Overeating disease

10. VBR Perfringens-3 Clostridium perfringens Type B, Type C and Type D Bacterin-Toxoid
This bacterin toxoid is recommended for vaccination of healthy cattle sheep and goats against Enterotoxemia caused by the following clostridial agents:
Clostridium perfringens Type B
Newborn Lamb Dysentery
Clostridium perfringens Type C
Struck, Haemorragic Enterotoxemia
Clostridium perfringens Type D
Pulpy Kidney Disease, Overeating Disease

11. VBR Perfringens-3 Clostridium perfringens Type B, Type C and Type D Bacterin-Toxoid
Administration Table
Target Species
Age
Dose & Administration
Revaccinaton
Calves, cattle
Older than 3-4 months
2 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval. Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the left side of the neck
Annual revaccination with a single dose
Sheep, lambs, goats and kids
Older than 2 months
1 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval.
Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the armpit

12. Colibacillosis (Escherichia coli)
Diarrhea in Neonatal Ruminants
Escherichia coli is the most important bacterial cause of diarrhea in calves during the first week of life; at least two distinct types of diarrheal disease are produced by different strains of this organism. One type is associated with enterotoxigenic E coli, which has two virulence factors associated with production of diarrhea.
Strains in calves most commonly possess K99 (F5) or F41 fimbrial antigens, or both. 
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli adhering to
the intestine of a 2-day-old calf.

13. Colibacillosis (Escherichia coli)
Diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic (K99-bearing) E coli is seen in calves <3–5 days old, rarely later.
Calves may lose >12% of body weight in fluid, and hypovolemic shock and death may occur in 12–24 hr.
Body temperature may be increased but is commonly normal or subnormal.
Disease produced by attaching and effacing E coli is seen predominantly in calves from 4 days to 2 months old and may manifest with diarrhea or primarily as dysentery with blood and mucus in the feces.

14. Escherichia coli and Clostridium Perfringens Type C
VBR K99+C
Escherichia coli and Clostridium Perfringens Type C
Bacterin-Toxoid
For use in healthy pregnant cattle, sheep & goats as an aid in prevention enterotoxemia in newborn caused by Clostridium perfringens type C and colibacillosis caused by K99 piliated Escherichia coli.

15. Escherichia coli and Clostridium Perfringens Type C
VBR K99+C
Escherichia coli and Clostridium Perfringens Type C
Bacterin-Toxoid
Administration Table
Target Species
Age
Dose & Administration
Revaccinaton
Calves, cattle
Older than 3-4 months
4 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval. Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the left side of the neck
Annual revaccination with a single dose
Sheep, lambs, goats and kids
Older than 2 months
2 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval.
Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the armpit

16. Escherichia coli K99 - Clostridium Perfringens Type C
VBR Coli Sera + C
Escherichia coli K99 - Clostridium Perfringens Type C
Combined Antibody
For use in healthy newborn calves, lambs and kids, as an aid in prevention of septicemia, caused by Clostridium perfringens type C and colibacillosis caused by K99 Escherichia coli.

17. Escherichia coli K99 - Clostridium Perfringens Type C
VBR Coli Sera + C
Escherichia coli K99 - Clostridium Perfringens Type C
Combined Antibody
Target Species
Dose & Administration
For prevention
Newborn calves
10 ml – Single dose intramuscularly or subcutaneously
Newborn lambs and kids
5 ml – Single dose subcutaneously
For treatment
(at the beginning of a disease and when the first symptoms are observed)
Calves
20 ml – Single dose intramuscularly or subcutaneously
Lambs and kids
10 ml – Single dose subcutaneously
Toxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens Type C, generally develops in peracute and acute forms. Therefore, this antibody is recommended for preventative purpose.

18. VBR Colisera E.coli Antibody
Escherichia coli K99 Monovalent Antibody
Injectable Hiperimmune Serum
VBR Colisera E.coli Antibody is used for prevention and treatment against septicemia and infections caused by K99 Escherichia coli in newborn calves, lambs and kids.

19. VBR Colisera E.coli Antibody
Target Species
Dose & Administration
For prevention
Newborn calves
10 ml – Single dose intramuscularly or subcutaneously
Newborn lambs and kids
5 ml – Single dose subcutaneously
For treatment
(at the beginning of a disease and when the symptoms are first observed)
Calves
20 ml – Single dose intramuscularly or subcutaneously
Lambs and kids
10 ml – Single dose subcutaneously

20. Infectious necrotic hepatitis (Black disease)
(Clostridium novyi)  
Black disease causes acute necrotic hepatitis in sheep and cattle.
It is caused by bacterium Clostridium novyi in association with immature fluke invasion of the liver.
Symptoms :
Fever (40 – 42°C)
Rapid and shallow respiration
Sheep may be found dead without clinical signs.
Sick animal usually segregates from the rest of the flock.
Depression and incoordination
Recumbency

21. Infectious necrotic hepatitis (Black disease)
(Clostridium novyi)  
Clostridium novyi is an endemic environmental contaminant and remains latent in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Immature liver flukes, by migrating through the liver, cause liver necrosis. This initiates Cl. novyi spores to germinate and proliferate. Necrotizing and haemolytic toxins are produced which cause generalized toxaemia and haemolysis of the blood.
A focal yellowish white area of necrosis surrounded by a broad band of intense hyperemia.
Black disease. Dark brown swollen liver showing necrotic areas (1–2 cm) in diameter surrounded by a zone of hyperaemia.

22. (Polivalent Clostridial Vaccine)
VBR Polimix 5
(Polivalent Clostridial Vaccine)
Clostridium Novyi- Clostridium Chauvoei- Clostridium Perfringens Types B, C, D
Bacterin-Toxoid
This bacterin toxoid is recommended for vaccination of healthy cattle sheep and goats against the diseases caused by the following bacterias:
Clostridium novyi
Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease)
Clostridium chauvoei
Black Leg
Clostridium perfringens Type B
Newborn Lamb Dysentery
Clostridium perfringens Type C
Struck, Haemorragic Enterotoxemia
Clostridium perfringens Type D
Pulpy Kidney Disease, Overeating Disease

23. (Polivalent Clostridial Vaccine)
VBR Polimix 5
(Polivalent Clostridial Vaccine)
Administration Table
Target Species
Age
Dose & Administration
Revaccinaton
Calves, cattle
Older than 3-4 months
2 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval. Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the left side of the neck
Annual revaccination with a single dose
Sheep, lambs, goats and kids
Older than 2 months
1 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval.
Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the armpit
Infectious necrotic hepatitis
Enterotoxemia Type B
Blackleg
Enterotoxemia Type D
Enterotoxemia Type C

24. Malignant Edema, Bradzot (Clostridium septicum)
Clostridium septicum is primarily associated with malignant edema in cattle and sheep.
Signs of malignant oedema include subcutaneous accumulation of fluid, dullness and inappetence.
The lesion may be associated with a wound or may occur following intramuscular injections
C. septicum also causes an abomasitis of sheep, known as braxy.
Gram stain of Clostridium septicum

25. Bacillary ictero-haemoglobinuria (Clostridium haemolyticum)
(Red Water Disease)
(Clostridium haemolyticum)  
Bacillary hemoglobinuria is an acute, infectious, toxemic disease caused by Clostridium haemolyticum. It affects primarily cattle but has also been found in sheep and rarely in dogs.
Dehydration, anemia, and sometimes subcutaneous edema are seen.
There is bloody fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
The lungs are not grossly affected, and the trachea contains bloody froth with hemorrhages in the mucosa.
The small intestine and occasionally the large intestine are hemorrhagic; their contents often contain free or clotted blood. 

26. (Clostridium sordellii)
Malignant Edema
(Clostridium sordellii)  
Clostridium Sordellii Cl. sordellii is a sudden death disease of feedlot cattle primarily, infrequently seen in cows.
The route of trans mission is unknown, but thought to be by mouth.
No symptoms are observed, as only dead animals are found.
The postmortem findings are somewhat specific, as they tend to be found in the areas of brisket and throat, consisting of massive black hemorrhage and smelly muscle necrosis with no gas formation.
No treatment is of value, as sick animals are not observed.

27. VBR Colimix 7
Combined Clostridium novyi Type A – Clostridium septicum – Clostridium chauvoei – Clostridium perfringens Types B, C, D and Escherichia coli Bacterin & Toxoid
Clostridium novyi Type A
Infectious Necrotic Disease (Black Disease)
Clostridium septicum
Malignant Edema, Bradzot
Clostridium chauvoei
Black Leg
Clostridium perfringens Type B
Newborn Lamb Dysentery
Clostridium perfringens Type C
Struck, Haemorragic Enterotoxemia
Clostridium perfringens Type D
Pulpy Kidney Disease, Overeating Disease
Escherichia coli
Septicemia neonatorum

28. Revaccination is recommended
VBR Colimix 7
Administration Table
Target Species
Age
Dose & Administration
Revaccinaton
Calves, cattle
Older than 3-4 months
4 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval. Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the left side of the neck
Annual revaccination with a single dose
Sheep, lambs, goats and kids
Older than 2 months
2 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval.
Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the armpit
Revaccination is recommended

29. VBR Colimix 9
Combined Clostridium novyi Type A – Clostridium septicum – Clostridium sordellii – Clostridium chauvoei – Clostridium haemolyticum – Clostridium perfringens Types B, C, D and Escherichia coli Bacterin & Toxoid
This Bacterin & Toxoid is recommended for vaccination of healthy cattle, sheep and goats against the diseases caused by the following agents:
Clostridium novyi Type A
Infectious Necrotic Disease (Black Disease)
Clostridium septicum
Malignant Edema, Bradzot
Clostridium sordellii
Malignant Edema
Clostridium chauvoei
Black Leg
Clostridium haemolyticum
Bacillary ictero-haemoglobinuria = Red Water Disease
Clostridium perfringens Type B
Newborn Lamb Dysentery
Clostridium perfringens Type C
Struck, Haemorragic Enterotoxemia
Clostridium perfringens Type D
Pulpy Kidney Disease, Overeating Disease
Escherichia coli
Septicemia neonatorum

30. Revaccination is recommended
VBR Colimix 9
Administration Table
Target Species
Age
Dose & Administration
Revaccinaton
Calves, cattle
Older than 3-4 months
4 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval. Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the left side of the neck
Annual revaccination with a single dose
Sheep, lambs, goats and kids
Older than 2 months
2 ml – Follow with a single dose in 3-4 weeks interval.
Intramuscularly or subcutaneously to the armpit
Revaccination is recommended

31. Thank you…