1. East Meets West
The Crusades

2. Causes: Adventure
After Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population.
A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure.

3. Causes: Religious Piety
Intense Religious Piety
Due in part to the Investiture Controversy (a significant conflict between secular and religious powers over the issue of who would control appointments of church officials).
People became personally engaged in the dramatic religious controversy
The Results:
Intense Christian piety
Public interest in religious affairs
Popular support for the First Crusade
The religious vitality of the 12th century
Emperor Henry IV at the Feet of Pope Gregory VII

4. Causes: Papal Politics
Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
Cluniac (Benedictine) reform caused the church in the West to be more attentive to business and provided impetus to attempt to reassert control
The Great Schism, 1064, was a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority.

5. Causes: European Expansionism
In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to that country.
After the capture of Toledo from the Moslems in 1087, it became the residence of the kings of Castile and the ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain
The Normans captured Sicily from the Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country.

6. Causes: Muslim Advances
Events in Moslem World
The Battle of Manzikert, 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims).
The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks.
The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic.

7. Europe 1000-1100 Adventure Papal Politics Religious Piety Expansionism
Great Schism 1064
Europe
Adventure
Investiture Controversy 1075+
Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars c. 1000
Investiture Controversy 1075+
Papal Politics
Religious Piety
Battle of Hastings 1066
Expansionism
Investiture Controversy 1075+
Muslim Advances
Cluniac Reform c. 1024
Constantinople
Capture of Toledo from Muslims 1087
Rome
Battle of Manzikert 1071
Pilgrimages
Capture of Sicily from Muslims 1099

8. Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095
Objectives
Drive Turks from Anatolia
Obligate the Byzantines
Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms
Capture Holy Land

9. Major Events of Crusades
First Crusade
Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land
Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill.
Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

10. Major Events of Crusades
Second Crusade,
Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat
Third Crusade,
Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
Saladin on Moslem side.

11. Major Events of Crusades
Fourth Crusade,
Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt.
To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetians
Crusaders sacked Constantinople,
Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

12. Major Events of Crusades
Fifth Crusade,
Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
Moslems agreed
Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, were routed
Sixth Crusade, 1229
Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation
Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years
He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

13. Major Events of Crusades
Seventh Crusade,
Led by Louis IX of France
Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
Eighth Crusade, 1270
Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291
One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

14. Where else in military history can we find a war that was won four times and still lost?

15. The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
Repeated military defeats
Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

16. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans.
Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques.
Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
Romantic and imaginative literature.

17. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe
Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

18. References
Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept <
The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept <
The Church and the Crusades." Medieval Crusades. 24 Sept