Fig. 31-1.

Fig. 31-1

Reproductive structure
Fig. 31-2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium

Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha
Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
Fig. 31-4 Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium (b) Haustoria

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
Fig. 31-4a Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

Plant cell Fungal hypha wall Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane
Fig. 31-4b Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium (b) Haustoria

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents)
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2n) Spore-producing structures Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium GERMINATION

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium GERMINATION

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spores

Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm

Fig. 31-7 10 µm Parent cell Bud

UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED Nucleariids ANCESTOR Opisthokonts Chytrids
Fig. 31-8 Animals (and their close protistan relatives) UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED ANCESTOR Nucleariids Opisthokonts Chytrids Fungi Other fungi

Fig. 31-9 50 µm

Fig 10 µm Host cell nucleus Developing microsporidian Spore

Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
Fig. 31-UN1 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Fig. 31-11 Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species)
Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Fig a Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)
Fig b Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Glomeromycetes (160 species)
Fig c Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)
Fig d Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
Fig e Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Fig Flagellum 4 µm

Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Diploid nuclei

Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium MEIOSIS

Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium

Fig 0.5 mm

Fig 2.5 µm

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
Fig Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Fig a Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
Fig b Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n)
Fig Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha Conidiophore Mycelium

Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n)
Fig Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Fig Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote)

Fig Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Fig Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat Puffballs emitting spores Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a
Fig a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat

Fig b Puffballs emitting spores

Fig c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+)
Fig Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2n)

Fig Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Basidia (n+n) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2n)

Fig Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Basidia (n+n) KARYOGAMY Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n)

Fig Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)

30 15 20 10 10 5 E–P+ E+P+ E–P+ E+P+ RESULTS
Fig RESULTS Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E–P+) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+) 30 15 20 10 Leaf mortality (%) Leaf area damaged (%) 10 5 E–P+ E+P+ E–P+ E+P+

Crustose (encrusting) lichens A foliose (leaflike) lichen
Fig Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen A foliose (leaflike) lichen

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen
Fig a A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

Fig b Crustose (encrusting) lichens

Fig c A foliose (leaflike) lichen

Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell
Fig Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae

(a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves
Fig (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye

Fig a (a) Corn smut on corn

Fig b (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

Fig c (c) Ergots on rye

Fig Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

Fig. 31-UN6

Fig. 31-UN6a

Fig. 31-UN6b

Fig. 31-UN6c

Fig. 31-UN6d

Fig. 31-UN6e

Fig. 31-T1

Fig. 31-UN7

Fig. 31-1.

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