3. The Brain (cont.) Somatosensory cortex & primary motor cortex
Cerebral cortex= processes thought, vision, language, memory and emotion
80% of brain weight
70% of the neurons in the CNS
2 hemispheres (left and right)
Hemispheres are divided into 4 lobes
Association Areas= receive and send messages to/from the body
Somatosensory cortex & primary motor cortex

4. The Brain (cont.) Lobes of the brain:
Occipital lobe= (back) visual information
Temporal lobe= regulates hearing, balance, & certain emotions
Parietal lobe= receives sensory information from throughout the body
Frontal lobe= responsible for voluntary movement; important for attention & appropriate emotional experiences

6. Pinky and the brain

7. The Brain (cont.)
Frontal Lobe Damage
Phineas Gage
personality

8. Phineas Gage Clip

9. Hemispheric Specialization
Right half and left half connected by corpus callosum
Close communication
Coordinated unit
Functionally isolated
If cut: left receives right info only and right receives left info only

10. Severed Corpus Callosum Clip

11. Hemispheric Specialization
Language ability primarily in the left hemisphere
Analytical, logic, rationalizing
Right hemisphere excels at visual and spatial tasks
Note: not everyone shows the same pattern of differences
May be greater in men than in women
LEFT BRAIN or RIGHT BRAIN test

12. Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

13. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

14. PET Scan
PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task.
Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

15. The Spinal Cord
There is no clear boundary between the brain and spinal cord
It is our “communication superhighway” by connecting brain to rest of the body
Motor neurons (descending)
Sensory neurons (ascending)
Instantaneous responses

16. Peripheral Nervous System

17. Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.
Crucial to body functions

18. Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.

19. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)

20. The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.
Preview Question 4: How does the endocrine system-the body’s slower information system-transmit its messages?

21. The Endocrine System
The nervous system and the endocrine system work together in constant chemical conversation.
Main difference between the two is SPEED

22. Hormones
Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body.
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.

23. Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.

24. Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.

25. Adrenal Glands
Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.

26. Gonads
Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.

27. Gonad Hormones Androgen (classified as male)
Estrogen (classified as female)
BOTH sexes produce BOTH hormones, but one typically dominates
Testosterone linked to aggressive behavior
Male violence years old (testosterone at highest)
Levels differ between married and unmarried men & those who have children (or don’t)

28. Genetics
Study of how living things pass on traits from one generation to another.
Genes= basic units of inheritance
Carried by chromosomes in pairs
23 pairs Females XX Males XY
DNA is the only molecule that can replicate itself
Dominant & Recessive Genes
Don’t cause behavior but affect development

29. Human Behavior Genetics
Family studies if genes influence a trait, close relatives should share that trait
Schizophrenia
Twin studies
Identical Twins= develop from single ovum (genetic identical)
Fraternal Twins= develop from 2 separate eggs

30. Evolutionary Psychology
Natural selection= organisms who adapt better survive and pass on genes
Reproduce
“Prewired”
EX- Language acquired about the same time across cultures
Critics say: “just so” ideas tend to generalize and justify the status quo

31. Complete the graphic organizer identifying 3 theories of individual development