1. Political Theories (Geopolitics)
How states should act….

2. Organic Theory Ratzel—1897
Organic entities must continually expand/be nourished to survive
Needs to seek out Lebensraum
Examples
British empire
Nazi Germany

3. Heartland Theory Heartland=Eastern Europe Pivot Area=Heartland
World Island=Europe, Asia and Africa
Periphery=Rest of the world (including the Americas)

4. Heartland Theory MacKinder– 1904
Previously, control of sea=world power
Now—control of Heartland (agricultural and industrial resources) will lead to control of coasts and ports.
Example—cold war

5. Rimland Theory

6. Russia & Eastern Europe overrated
1942—Spykman
Russia & Eastern Europe overrated
Agrarian small portion
Industrialization to the west
Rimland key to controlling expansion/power (
Example-containment