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R. F. Giese Geology glgclay@acsu.buffalo.edu
Clays as Colloids R. F. Giese Geology
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Meaning of “clay” Engineering Geological
small particles of any material Geological small particles of layer silicate minerals 2/26/02
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Outline Uses. Structure. Chemistry. Surface properties.
Stability of clay-water systems Landslide 2/26/02
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Importance of clays Industrial Geological
thickeners (paints, drilling muds) catalysts (cracking of hydrocarbons) fillers (rubber, plastics) adsorbents Geological alteration products of rock formation of hydrocarbons 2/26/02
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Importance of clays Scientific large surface area
known surface structure nano-composites insulators designer surfaces 2/26/02
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Clay Minerals Layer silicates
Silicates are oxides of silicon and other elements: Aluminum, magnesium, iron, calcium, sodium Oxygen (anion) is larger than the other elements (cations) 2/26/02
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Origin and calculation of the layer charge for 2:1 clay minerals.
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Kaolinite: TEM replica
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Kaolinite: TEM 2/26/02
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Halloysite: TEM 2/26/02
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Micas 2/26/02
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Smectites Vermiculites 2/26/02
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Organo-clays 2/26/02
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Montmorillonite: TEM replica
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Montmorillonite: TEM 2/26/02
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Allophane TEM replica 2/26/02
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Allophane TEM replica 2/26/02
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Surface tension measurements
Single crystals (micas) oriented films (smectites) thin layer wicking (kaolinite) 2/26/02
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Generalities for clays
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difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic
For all natural clays: difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic 2/26/02
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Natural and modified clay materials
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Coverage of talc by a long chain amine (in wt%)
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Coverage of smectite by organic matter
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Interactions in water Flocculation Adsorption DLVO versus XDLVO
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Montmorillonite: XDLVO
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Stability of montmorillonite
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Quick clays Clays deposited in marine environment sea level drops
rain leaches out the salty pore water attraction between particles is weakened soil becomes unstable Canada, Scandinavia 2/26/02
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