1. Heaps 2 6 5 7 9 © 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Heaps Heaps
2/24/2019
Heaps 2 6 5 7 9
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

2. Recall Priority Queue ADT
A priority queue stores a collection of entries
Each entry is a pair (key, value)
Main methods of the Priority Queue ADT
insert(k, v) inserts an entry with key k and value v
removeMin() removes and returns the entry with smallest key
Additional functions
min() returns, but does not remove, an entry with smallest key
size(), isEmpty()
Applications:
Standby flyers
Auctions
Stock market
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

3. Heaps The last node of a heap is the rightmost node of maximum depth
2/24/2019
Heaps
a binary tree with 2 properties:
Heap-Order: for every internal node v other than the root, key(v)  key(parent(v))
“child”  “parent” -> root has min
Book:
“parent”  “child” -> root has max
Same concept
Complete Binary Tree: let h be the height of the heap
for i = 0, … , h - 1, there are 2i nodes of depth i
at depth h - 1, the internal nodes are to the left of the external nodes
The last node of a heap is the rightmost node of maximum depth 2 5 6 9 7
last node
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

4. Height of a Heap Theorem: A heap storing n keys has height O(log n)
Proof: (we apply the complete binary tree property)
Let h be the height of a heap storing n keys
Since there are 2i keys at depth i = 0, … , h - 1 and at least one key at depth h, we have n  … + 2h
Thus, n  2h , i.e., h  log n
depth
keys 1 1 2
h-1
2h-1 h 1
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

5. Heaps and Priority Queues
We can use a heap to implement a priority queue
We store a (key, element) item at each node
We keep track of the position of the last node
(2, Sue)
(5, Pat)
(6, Mark)
(9, Jeff)
(7, Anna)
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

6. Insertion into a Heap
Method insertItem of the priority queue ADT corresponds to the insertion of a key k to the heap
The insertion algorithm consists of three steps
Find the insertion node z (the new last node)
Store k at z
Restore the heap-order property (discussed next) 2 5 6 z 9 7
insertion node 2 5 6 z 9 7 1
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

7. Upheap (aka Heapify) z z After the insertion of a new key k, Upheap
the heap-order property may be violated
Upheap
swapping k along an upward path from the insertion node
Upheap terminates when the key k reaches the root
or a node whose parent has a key smaller than or equal to k
Since a heap has height O(log n)
upheap runs in O(log n) time 2 1 5 1 5 2 z z 9 7 6 9 7 6
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

8. Removal from a Heap
Method removeMin of the priority queue ADT corresponds to the removal of the root key from the heap
The removal algorithm consists of three steps
Replace the root key with the key of the last node w
Remove w
Restore the heap-order property (discussed next) 2 5 6 w 9 7
last node 7 5 6 w 9
new last node
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

9. Downheap
After replacing the root key with the key k of the last node
the heap-order property may be violated
Downheap
swapping key k along a downward path from the root
Downheap terminates when key k reaches a leaf or
a node whose children have keys greater than or equal to k
Since a heap has height O(log n)
downheap runs in O(log n) time 7 5 5 6 7 6 w w 9 9
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

10. select which one to swap?
Downheap
2 children--
select which one to swap?
After replacing the root key with the key k of the last node
the heap-order property may be violated
Downheap
swapping key k along a downward path from the root
Downheap terminates when key k reaches a leaf or
a node whose children have keys greater than or equal to k
Since a heap has height O(log n)
downheap runs in O(log n) time 7 5 5 6 7 6 w w 9 9
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

11. Worst-case Time Complexity
unsorted
sorted
heap
Insert(entry)
RemoveMin()
[min()]
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Priority Queues

12. Worst-case Time Complexity
unsorted
sorted
heap
Insert(entry)
O(1)
O(N)
O(log N)
RemoveMin()
[min()]
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Priority Queues

13. Storing a heap Array-based Linked structure
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps

14. Array-based Heap Implementation
We can represent a heap with n keys by means of an array of length n
For the node at rank i
the left child is at rank 2i + 1
the right child is at rank 2i + 2
Operation add corresponds to inserting at rank n + 1
Operation remove_min corresponds to removing at rank 0 2 5 6 9 7 2 5 6 9 7 1 3 4
© 2014 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser
Heaps